Video Lecture Notes: Energy, Bonds, ATP/ADP, Photons, and CER

Vocabulary flashcards illustrating key concepts from the lecture: energy changes in chemical reactions, ATP/ADP energy, photon energetics, unit conversions, and CER framework.

Endothermic

A process that absorbs energy from the surroundings (ΔH > 0).

Exothermic

A process that releases energy to the surroundings (ΔH < 0).

ATP to ADP (energy change)

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy that powers cellular activities.

Energy from bond formation

Energy change in a reaction often comes from forming bonds (not just breaking them); energy is released when bonds form into a more stable configuration.

Bond-breaking vs. bond-forming in energy release

Breaking bonds requires energy; energy is released when new bonds form during the reaction.

Photon

A tiny unit of light that carries energy and exhibits particle-like and wave-like properties; energy depends on wavelength.

Wavelength (lambda)

Distance between successive peaks in a wave; for photons, energy calculations require lambda to be in meters.

Frequency (ν)

Number of wave crests passing a point per second; related to energy via E = hν.

Planck's constant (h)

A fundamental constant used to relate energy and frequency or wavelength of photons (≈ 6.626×10^-34 J·s).

Speed of light (c)

Constant speed of light in vacuum (≈ 3.00×10^8 m/s); used in E = h c / λ.

Energy of a photon

Energy carried by a single photon: E = h c / λ; shorter wavelengths carry more energy.

Energy per mole of photons

Total energy for one mole of photons; calculated by converting from joules per photon to kilojoules per mole using Avogadro’s number.

Avogadro's number (N_A)

Number of particles per mole: 6.022×10^23; used to convert between photons and moles.

Mole

A unit representing a count of entities (6.022×10^23) used to quantify amount of substance.

Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol)

Unit of energy per amount of substance; used to express reaction energies per mole.

Claim–Evidence–Reasoning (CER)

A scientific argument framework: claim (an answer), evidence (data/observations), and reasoning (molecular-level explanation linking evidence to the claim).