ANSC 1001/SAAS 101 Midterm Exam Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards designed to aid in the review of key concepts and terms from the ANSC 1001/SAAS 101 lecture notes for the upcoming midterm exam.

Infectious Disease

Disease caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be transmitted between individuals.

Noninfectious Disease

Disease not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted; typically includes genetic conditions and environmental factors.

Native Immunity

The inherent immune response present at birth that provides immediate defense against pathogens.

Acquired Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to specific pathogens, involving memory cells.

Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual.

Active Immunity

Immunity that develops after exposure to an antigen and the subsequent production of antibodies.

Herd Health Management Plan

A strategy to maintain the health of a group of animals through vaccination, regular check-ups, and good management practices.

Types of Vaccines

There are three types of vaccines: inactivated (killed), live attenuated (weakened), and subunit (component).

Signs of Animal Health

Indicators such as behavior, appetite, weight, and physical appearance that suggest the health status of an animal.

Milk Production Change

Over the past 50 years, milk production per cow in the US has increased due to better genetics and management practices.

Number of Farms Change

The number of dairy farms in the US has decreased significantly over the past 50 years due to consolidation and larger operations.

Total Milk Production Change

Total milk production in the US has increased over the past 50 years due to improved efficiency.

Most Consumed Cheese

Mozzarella is the most consumed cheese in the US, largely due to its use in pizza.

Probiotics

Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.

Sources of Probiotics

Probiotics can come from fermented foods, supplements, and the human gut flora.

Microbiome Role

The microbiome plays a major role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.

Dysbiosis

An imbalance in the microbial community, often caused by stress, diet, or antibiotic use.

Choosing Probiotics Criteria

Consideration of strain specificity, viability, and the product's health claims.

Breeding Season for Mares

Mares are ready to breed in the spring due to hormone changes and increased daylight.

Teasing

The method of determining a mare's readiness to breed by introducing a stallion.

Ultrasound in Breeding

Ultrasounds are used to monitor ovarian activity and pregnancy in mares.

Reproductive Physiology

The study of the biological processes involved in reproduction.

Key Areas of Reproductive Physiology

Includes hormone regulation, gametogenesis, and embryonic development.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Techniques like artificial insemination and embryo transfer used to enhance breeding.

Six Nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water; each serving a unique function in animal nutrition.

Analyzing Livestock Feeds

Feeds are analyzed for nutrient content to ensure they meet the dietary needs of livestock.

Digestibility

The proportion of feed that can be absorbed and utilized by the animal.

Factors Affecting Digestibility

Factors such as feed type, processing methods, and individual animal differences impact digestibility.

Animal Selection for Reproduction

Selecting animals based on traits like health, performance, and genetic quality.

Past Selection Methods

Historic animal selection relied on observable traits without understanding genetics.

Genetic Engineering

The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Includes improving crop resistance, enhancing livestock traits, and developing pharmaceuticals.

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering can lead to higher yields, disease resistance, and improved nutrition.

Growth and Development Processes

Involves the changes in size, structure, and function that occur during an animal's life.

Factors Affecting Growth

Genetics, nutrition, environment, and health all influence growth outcomes.