All unit 2 flashcards- SECTION A

Name some of the key roles in healthcare-

1- Doctors

2- Nurses

3- Midwives

4- Healthcare Assistants

5- Occupational Therapists

Key roles of a doctor- (medical responsibilities)

provide medical care for their patients- mainly work in clinics and hospitals

• Diagnose, treat, monitor and prevent illness

• provide prescriptions for treatment and arrange preventative care e.g. flu immunisation

• refer patients to other health processionals e.g. specialists who could specialise in breast cancer treatment or a thearpist who treats eating disord

• using MDTs

key roles of a doctor - (non-medical responsibilities)

• creating and maintaining realtionships and trust with patients

• observing, listening and responding

• maintaining patient records

• maintaining confidentiality

• acting in accordance. with legislation

Key roles of a nurse- (medical responsibilities)

are trained to carry out medical duties at their level of seniority and specialism they work mainly in clinics and hospitals although many also work in community settings- specialisms could be pediatric nursing or cardiology

• monitor and care for the daily needs medical needs for chronic or acute patients

• carrying out obersvations

• support doctors giving treatment and prescribing treatment/ drugs

• work to restore health and wellbeing

• preparing patients for operations + routine investigations

key roles of a nurse (non-medical)

• providing care and counselling

• helping with recovery and rehabilitation

• writing patient care plans

• planning patient discharge from hospital

• acting as a patient advocate

key role of a Midwife- (medical responsibility)

works mainly in clinics, hospitals and homes (for home births)

• assisting during labour

• provide post-natal care, supporting mothers and babies after the birth

• monitor the prenatal development of the health of the mothers and their babies

• diagnosing and examing pregnant women

key roles of midwives (non-medical resonbilies)

• preparing and reviewing patient care plans

• arranging and/or providing parenting and health education

• providing support and advice on the care of newborn babies

• providing support and advice following miscarriage, termination or neonatal death

• liaising with other agencies to ensure continuity of care

key roles of a health assessment- (medical responsibility)

trained to help with daily personal care and to support wellbeing. they work mainly in hospitals, clinics and residential care homes

• monitoring patient conditions by taking: temperature/pulse/respiration rate

• taking blood samples

• carrying out health checks

• weighing patients

key roles of a health assessment (non-medical responsibility)

• washing and dressing patients

• helping with patient mobility

• supporting day-to-day routines

• talking to patients working under the direction of nursing staff

• supporting and delivering health education

key roles for an occupational therapist- (medication responsibility)

facilitate recovery and overcome practical barriers. they work mainly in hospitals, clinics, residential care and homes

• help people work out practical solutions

• identity the issues people may face every day e.g. dressing, shopping or working

• being aware of acute medical conditions and how to overcome them in contexts such as A&E and acute medicine

key roles of a occupational therapist (non-medical)

• advising on specialist equiment to assist with daily activities

• advising on home and workplace alterations e.g. wheelchair access

• assisting people to return from work

• coaching people with learning difficulties e.g. in handling money

• enabling rehabilitation

• orgisationansiating support and rehabilitation groups and clients

what is is a GP surgery/local healthcare sugery like?

• patients go there first when they need medical advice

• doctor diagnose patients’ illness - they may prescribe medication e.g. when you got glandular fever your GP gave you biotics or they would refer you to a more specialised healthcare professional e.g. you went to a fracture clinics with your leg

• nurses may help by doing screening or taking blood

what are hospitals like?

• patients are often referred to them based on different issues e.g. when you broke you leg you went to fracture section of the QE2

• specialist doctors (consultants) may issue specialist treatment/medication and refer surgeons for medication e.g. Mr Gibbson for Emily’s scoliosis

• patients will go there for treatment that GPs cannot give e.g. Accident and Emergency cases like when Emily steamed her eye or when you burst your finger

what are clinics like?

• patients go here to be treated for specific medical conditions

• patients are referred by their GPs to specialists clinics based in hospitals and in the community

• trained personnel, including doctors and nurses work in clinics

What is healthcare in the home like?

• This is where care is provided for housebound people or those who are recovering from medical treatment e.g. an operation

• most people prefer to recover at home and some who are dying prefer to be nursed at home

• care may be provided at home for births

• patients are treated at home by community-based nursing and midwifery staff

• doctors carry out home visits when necessary

name some of he key roles in social care

• care manger

• care assistant

• social worker

• youth workers

• support workers

what is a care manager responsible for?

• day-to-day running of residential care settings

• supervising work of care assistance

• ensuring equality of care meets standards and adheres to relevant legislation

• ensuring suitable staff are available

key skills, qualities and tasks for care managers

• creating and maintaining relationships of trust with residents

• maintaining accurate resident records

• observing, listing and responding to resident concern

• maintaining confidentiality

what does a care manager do?

• recruit and manage staff

• control the budget

• are responsible for ensuring that the services in the care settings meet national care standards

• put polices and procedures in place and make sure they are ahered to

what is the responsibility of a youth worker?

• demonstrating values which underpin youth work

• completing a background check with the disclosure and barring service

• continuing professional development

• acting as a mentor to young people

what are the key skills, qualities and tasks of a youth worker

• working across different sectors including care and criminal justice and in public, private and voluntary sector organisations

• developing projects with schools and other organisations e.g. debates about elections or capital punishment

• offering advice on topics such as sexual health using language which is accessible to young people

what does a youth worker do?

• manage and administer youth and community projects and resources

• monitor and review the quality of local youth work provision, and work with families and carers

• support individuals in other settings, including outreach work realitng to drinking, drugs, smoking, violence and relationships

what is the responsibility of support worker

• following the instructions of health and care professionals

• implementing care plans agreed with social workers

• supporting members of families who provide care with parenting, financial or domestic skills

key skills, qualities and tasks of support workers

people who provide social or personal care often work with people who have had healthcare or who continue to need it

what does a support worker do?

• vary their duties depending on the needs and wishes of the individual

• support indivual’s’’s overall comfort and well-being, under the supervision of professionals

• help people who need care and support to live as independently as possible also work with families

what are is responsibilities of a care assistant

• Provide appropriate daily personal care

• carrying out general household tasks

• carrying out other routine roles as required by the supervisor of service user

• listing with other health and care professionals

what are the key skills, qualities and tasks of a care assistant

• working in different care settings

• observing and reporting changes in health and wellbeing of service user

• making service users feel at ease

• maintaining confidentiality

what is the role of a care assistant

• Meet personal needs, such as wasting, toileting, dressing and feeding

• assist in monitoring health and well-being, by liaising with other professionals

• help with transport, household tasks and taking people shopping

what are the responsibilities of a social worker

• managing a designated case load

• maintaining professional registatration

• working with regulatory guidelines

• keeping informed of changes in policy and procedure

• liaising with other agencies e.g. the policy for vulnerable children

what is the role of the social workers

• protect vulnerable people from harm or abuse

• help people to live independently

• support children who live apart from their families, and support their foster carers and adopters

• help people with mental health problems, learning disabilities or physical disabilities

• support refugees and asylum seekers

• help people with alcohol, drug or substance misuse problems and young offenders

what is the skills, qualities and tasks of social workers

• preparing and reviewing case files of clients

• taking difficult decisions

• working with a variety of service users of different ages

• ensuring continuity of care

name 3 social care settings

• residential care settings

• daycare centers

• domiciliary care

what is a residential care setting like?

• these are settings where people who can’t be cared for at home, or who feel that they can no longer cope with living on their own are looked after

• they may provide full-time or temporary respite care to give a break to carers, or those who struggle living on their own

• social care workers provide residents with personal care, such as washing, toileting and dressing

what are domiciliary care like?

• social care workers provide care for people in their own home

• care workers help people lead their daily lives by supporting their independence

• social care workers might help people with shopping, cleaning and transport such as taking them to a doctors appointment

• social care workers can provide carers with a short break from their duties

what are daycare centers like?

• these are used by older people and those with physical and learning disabilities

• social care workers might take part in leisure activities with people attending

• they provide respite care

name some benefits for people in residential care

• trained staff to meet people’s needs and support them

• specialist support is available for those with more complex care needs

• companionships is provided by other residents and staff

• a range of stimulating activities is offered

name some of the difficulties for people in residential care

Social care workers have to support people to overcome the difficulties of residential care

• losing some or all of their independence

• reluctance to leave their own homes

• isolation from friends and relations

• cost of care

how can you support someone who has a physical disability at home?

• the person has access to all rooms at home e.g. no stairs and having a stair lift

• facilities are within reach and not at floor level e.g. electrical sockets

• if necessary, hoists are available in bedrooms and bathrooms

how can you support someone who has a physical disability in an education setting?

• service users can access classrooms and laboratories e.g. minimum door width requirements accommodate wheelchair users

• disabled children have access to play and exercise facilties

• the curriculum is adapted to meet their needs e.g. language used in lessons should respect the dignity of people with disabilities

how can you support someone who has a physical disability at work?

• awareness training for work collegues

• a support worker to help the person in the workplace

• extra time, if necessary to complete work tasks

how can you support someone who has a physical disability in a leisure setting?

• accessible changing facilies

• Suitable signange e.g. in braille

• access to adapted seating and spaces for elevated wheelchair viewing

why are polices and procedures in place?

• ensure the health and safety of service users and health and social care workers

• support the day-to-day routines of service users

• enable the needs and preferences of service users to be met

• promote independence among service users

name a couple daily responsibilities of workers in health and social care settings (don’t need to know them all)

1. enabling rehabilitation

2. supporting routines of service users including daily family life, education, employment and leisure activities

3. providing personal care, including washing, feeding and toileting

4. Provide equipment and adaptions to support people to be more independent

5. following policies and procedures in place in their work setting

6. healing and supporting recovery

7. assessment and care and support planning, involving service users and their families

how can you identifying discrimination

Discrimination is where someone:

• is treated unfairly because of who they are

• is treated unequally because of who they are

• experiences prejudice that has been put into practice

Examples of anti-discriminatory practice in health and social care

• policies such as anti-bullying in schools

• access to buildings

• leaflets in many languages

• accessible signage

• longer appointments for people with learning difficulties

what are the 2 types of discimination

1. Direct discrimination - treating someone worse, different or less favourbly becuase of their characterists. e.g. being treated badly because you complained

2. Indirect discrimination- when an organization’s practices, polices or rules have a worse effect on some people than others. an example is pregnancy and maternity discrimination, if pregnant women or new mothers are treated unfairly or ae disadvantage

Equality Act 2010

The Equality Act 2010 protects people form discrimination by:

• employers

• health and care providers eg. hospitals and care homes

• schools, colleges and other education providers

• transport services, such as buses, trains and taxis

• public bodies such as government departments and local authorities

what characteristics are protected by the equality act

• age

• gender

• pregnancy + maternity

• disability

• race

• sexual orientation

how can a traveller have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• enable access to GP services at new locations

• ensure that hostile language is not used

how can a transgender individual have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• use gender terminology that is acceptable for the service user

• recognise any associated mental health issues

how can a person with a hearing impairment have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• provide hearing loops in GP surgeries

• use ‘British Sign Language to communicate’

how can a asylum seeker have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• provide translation services if needed

• recognize cultural preferences

how can a child with emotional and behavioural issues have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• provide peer medication and mentoring in schools

• provide nurture groups in primary schools e.g. early intervention strategy

how can a person with physical disabilities have adaptations made to make sure they can have anti-discriminatory practice

• provide accessible rooms in clinics

• support participation in sport and exercise in schools

examples how healthcare professionals implement anti-disriamtoyr practice (pick 2 professions and say how this can be helped)

Doctor-

• Look at file notes and arrange if a translator or signer is needed at medical appointments

• look to see if the service user has a preference/needs on treatment e.g. Gehovas Witnesses won’t accept blood transfusions

Nurse-

• should check if the patient prefers a female or male nurse e.g. especially when dealing with intimate areas

social worker-

• should be advised on actions the service user can take to address any discrimination they experience

occupational therapist-

• helping people to live independently e.g. having their bathroom adapted or if they needed certain kitchen equipment for different cultures e.g. if they prefer to use chop sticks

what does empowerment mean/involve?

giving individuals information and support so they can take informed decisions and make choices about their lives in order to live as independently as possible

examples of empowering service user

• promoting users’ dignity

• dealing with conflict in an appropriate way

• enabling users to express their needs and preferences

• promoting independence

• providing support that is consistent with users’ beliefs, cultures and preferences

• promoting rights, choices and well-beings

• balancing the rights of individuals with those other service users and staff

• putting the users at the heart of service provision

Name some of the key people’s rights as defined by ‘Human Rights Act’ 1998 and ‘Human Equality Act’ 2010

• independence

• privacy

• safety + security

• equality

• free from discrimination

• to express the needs and preferences

• dignity

how are service users dignity empowered within practice + example

Achieved by respecting a person’s dignity

example: providing privacy to a patient using the bathroom in hospital

how are service users indepence empowered within practice + example

promoting independence (autonomy) through freedom, choice, and appropriate support

example:

• allowing an old person to choose where they wish to live, either in their own home or a residential care setting

• supporting a person learning difficulties so they can live independently and safely

how can needs and preferences be ex empowered within practice + example

providing active support to enable choice consistent with individual beliefs, cultures and preferences

example:

• providing support with choices about

  • food, clothing and religious practice

  • whether to be treated by male or female practitioners

• using methods such as petitions to put forward needs and preferences, and raise concerns with public authorities

• supporting those who need help to express their needs and preferences

how are service users have equality empowered within practice + example

ensure equal opportunities and access to services

examples:

• fair allocation of budgets for provision of different services

• accountability through local authority representation

how are service users have safety and security empowered within practice + example

supported by:

• changing legislation

  example

  • the ban on smoking in public places

• dealing with conflict (by applying clear policies)

  example

  • applying polices residents: residents with dementia who assault staff they recognise or what to do if communication breaks down between social workers and other agencies)

• protecting from risk + harm (implementing procedures)

  example

  • applying measures to deal with violent behaviour of people attending A and E who are affected by alcohol and drugs - including provision of security staff in hospitals

• encouraging behaviour change

  example

  • using education and training such as healthy living campaigns

  • using language which is accessible to service users

• Balancing individual rights

  example

  • providing clear training and polices so all are cared to and protected appropriately

name some possible risks in care (don’t need to name all of them) - aim for 4

• abuse by other service users and/or staff

• Inadequate supervision of facilities, such as bathrooms

• inadequate supervision of support staff, for example, when moving patients

• lack of illness prevention measures, such as clean toilets, hand washing facilities and safe drinking water

• infection due to lack of clean facilities and equipment

• inadequate control of harmful substances

• lack of properly maintained first aid facilities

name some ways to manage risks in care (don’t need to name all of them) - aim for 4

• using risk assessments to identify sources of harm, likelihood of them and to minimise the chance of harm

• staff training to manage risks

• Clear codes of practice which are familiar to all staff, including safeguarding and control of harmful substances

• Appropriately qualified staff

• ensuring all staff have DBS

• Regular and evidence-checking of facilities and provision of safe drinking water

• availability of protective equipment and knowledge of infection control procedures

• procedures for reporting and recording accidents, incidents and compalints

• Provision of maninted first-aid facilities

how can the mitigating risk:

specialistic equipment, e.g. use of host to life immobile patient

overcome in a health and social care setting?

require sufficient staff trained in use of equipment to perform manoeuvre

How can the mitigating risk:

adequate supervision and support, e.g. giving hot drinks to frail elderly persons

overcome in a health and social care setting?

ensure drinks is not too hot, use stable cup, supervise if necessary

how can the mitigating risk:

infection from accidents and spillage at meal times onwards

overcome in a health and social are setting?

support for meal times, suitable utensils and protection

what are the stages of reporting incidents and accidnets?

1. detect incident or accident

2. record incident or accident

3. report incident or accident to relevant person

4. Classify incident or accident according to type of severity

5. Prioritise issues for appropriate actions

6. Prose preventative measures

7. Implement changes to working practices

8. Monitor effectiveness of changes in preventing future incidents

what are some potetianl barriers to incident reporting?

• the incdient or accident is seen as not importnat at the time

• the incident form is too long or requires too much detial

• care staff have other, more pressing duties

• staff may not know about reporting procdeudres

• it may be difficult to access the person who needs to recive the incidnet/accident report

• there may be pressure from mangers not to report incidents and accidnets

what are some problems conering the evidence in reports?

• inconsistent witness statments

• laack of detail in witness statemtns

• poor recall of events

• wrtieen eviddence that conflicts with other types of evdidence e.g. from CCTV

• low standard of wrtiten English

what are 4 key points about complaints procedures

1. all care settings must have them in place

2. all care settings must enable service users to access and use them

3. they are checked when care providers are inspected

4. they can lead to service improvements

True or false- do all service users have the right to:

‘have thier complaints delt with within an appropraite time frame?’

true

true or false - do all service users have the right to:

‘only certain complaints to be taken seriously - and they must fit a specific criteria?’

false - all complaints must be taken seriously reguardless of the seveity

true or flase - do all service users have the right to:

‘have full and through investigations of concerns raised’

true

what is the ‘Data Protection Act of 2018’ involve

it contorls how personal informaiton is used by organisations, buisnesses or the goverment and contains specfic guidance or the general data protection regualation (GDPR)

what must data be under the ‘Data Protection Act’ of 2018

• used fiarly and lawfully

• used for limited, specifically stated purposes

• used in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive

• accurate

• kept for no longer than is necessary

• handled according to people’s data protection rights

• kept safe and secure

what information about you is legally protected?

• ethnic background

• politcal opinions

• relgious beleifs

• health

• sexual health and prefrences

• criminal records (if you have one)

name some examples of some of the data that an employer in health and soical care can keep about their employees

• date of birth

• gender

• emergency contact details

• education and qualifications

• employment history and work experince

• national insurance number and tax code

• details of any known disability

• name

• address

examples of how confidentialiy be ensured

• by applying the requirements of the ‘Data Protection Act’ of 2018, which contains specific guidenace on the ‘General Data Protection Regulation’

• by adhering to legal and workpalce requierments specifed by codes of practice in health and social care settings

• by securely recording, storing and retrieving medical and personal information

• by maintaining confidentiality to safeguard service users

• by following appropriate procedures where disclosure is legally required

• by respeciting the rights of service users where they request non-disclosure or limited discolsure their personal information

what is the defintion of confidentialtiy?

in health and social care settings means restriciting access to information about a service user to indivuals who are involved in their care, unless permission to disclose the information is given by the service user

what are some methods of storing data?

methods of data storage that are protected under the ‘Data Protection Act’ and ‘General Data Protection Regulation’

• computers, tablets and mobile phones

• soical media

• written, paper records

• photographs

examples of professional bodies in england-

• the nursing and midwifery council (NMC)

• the royal college of nursing (RCN)

• the health and care professions council (HCPC)

• the general medical council (GMC)

example of professional bodies in wales (in addtion to those in england’

• care council for wales (soical care)

example of professional bodies in northen ireland (in addtion to those in england)

• the northan ireland soical care council (NISCC)

what does the Royal College of Nursing sets standards for professional practice required by its members?

• in order to contiune their registration with RCN and thier ability to practice, nurses have to compelte 450 hours of practice every three years

how can workers be regualted? (these are set out by professional bodies)

• follow codes of professional conduct

• be familiar with and able to apply current codes of practice

• ensure that revalidation procedures are followed e.g. nurses have to make a health and character delveopment declaration in order to be registerd

• follow procedures for rasing concerns (whisleblowing)

what happens when workers don’t follow the regualtions?

workers who do not follow regualtions might be disciplined by their employer e.g. a foundation trust or by a professional organsitaion like RCN

• some may have thier responsibilies taken away

• lose their professional status e.g. if a nurse fails to compelte enough practice hours or for serious malpractice, they can lose their job.

what is the defintion of regulation

is a law which sets the standard of professional conduct required of people who work in health and social care settings

regualtions must be mandatory this means that they must be followd by law.

examples of safeguarding meaures

• at a nrusery, ensure play areas are safe

• in GP surgeries ensure patient information is kept confidental

• ensure police are followed for staff use of cameras and mobile phones

• ensure effective control and disposal of harmful substances

• ensure all staff have a DBS

• in hosptial - make sure that all equpiment is sterile

• ensure effective procedures for reporting accidents and incidents

when safeguarding children - health and soical care workers should…

• protect children from maltreatment

• prevent impairment of children’s health and development

• protect children from infection

• take action to enable children to ahve the best outcomes

• follow their organsiation’s safeguarding polices for protecting children and the actions to take if a child discloses abuse

The Children Act of 2004 - requires ever local authroity to have a local safeguarding children board and the job of the LSCB is to :

• make sure everyone understands how imporant is to keep children safe

• make sure that all the agencies that are part of the LSCB are doing the best job

• report to the Departemnt of Health

• look into cases where children are badly hurt or have died

• keep a check on information about child deaths

• give advice to all agencies

• listen advice to all agencies

• listen to children’ s views and ideas

• hold discussons to find out what people think about children’s issue

Safeguarding duties for local authorities where they provide care for adults (under the Care Act 2014)

• Making enquiries where there is a safeguarding concern

• Host safeguarding adults’ boards

• Carrying out safeguarding adults reviews

• Arranging for the provision of independent advocates

• leading a multi-agency local adult safeguarding system

All health and social care services function in partnership. This involves multi-disciplinary teams work to ensure that service users get the care and support they need:

Why is partnership important?

(name 4)

Partnership working is important because it:

• Improves the lives of vulnerable adults and children

• means services users don’t have to give the same information to different health and social care workers

• Improves the efficiency of the care systems as a whole (joined-up working)

• Coordinates the way in which care is provided

• helps the service users feel that they are being treated as a whole person (holistic care), rather than as a series of unrelated medical issues

• improves the planning and commissioning of care, so that health and soical care services complement rather than disrupt each other

All health and social care services function in partnership. This involves multi-disciplinary teams work to ensure that service users get the care and support they need:

What are the difficulties of partnerships?

(name 4)

problems with partnership working includes:

• failures to communicate information between services, e.g. between social workers and the police in cases where children are in danger

• lack of coordination of health and social care services, so people do not receive the care they need or experience duplication

• delayed discharges from hospital, mainly of older people; e.g. when a patient cannot leave hospital because there is no available support in the community

• Health and social care providers with different IT systems that cannot communicate with each other

• cuts in funding that prevent effective partnership working

advantages of holistic approaches to healthcare

• Care is more personalised

• Other issues which contribute to the individual’s ill health, such as stress or poor housing, may be identified and addressed

• Being viewed as a ‘whole person’ and not a medical problem can improve an individual’s general health and wellbeing

disadvantages of holistic approaches to healthcare

• Most people only want their particular illness or symptom treated

• Generally, doctors do not look for other issues during diagnosis

• Health and social care workers are not employed or skilled to manage all aspects of an individual's needs

advocacy allows people to:

• express their views and concerns so that they are taken seriously

• Access information and services

• defend and promote their rights and responsibilities

• explore choices and options

what is whistleblowing in healthcare?

Whistleblowing is the term used when someone who works for an employer raises a concern about malpractice, risk (for example about patient safety), wrongdoing or possible illegality, which harms, or creates a risk of harm, to people who use the service, colleagues or the wider public.

what happens when whistleblowing polices are not followed:

• Bad practice could continue, harming individuals

• There will be more complaints from service users or their representatives

• Staff may leave or perform less well

• The service provider may receive more negative reports

whistleblowers are protected by law and should be treated unfairly or lose their job