AP CSP Units 1-7 Vocab

Binary

A way of representing information using only two options

Bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit";  the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

Byte

  8 bits

Overflow Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

Round-off Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise

Analog Data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time

Digital Data

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values

Sampling

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples

Lossless Compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information

Lossy Compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away

Intellectual Property

A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc

Creative Commons

A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created

Computing Device

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing System

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Computing Network

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

Domain Name System (DNS)

a network of servers that track the IP addresses of different domain names like example.com

Path

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver

Bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

Protocol

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

a protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

a protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets

IP Address

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet

Internet Protocol (IP)

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network

Redundancy

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by  having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures

Internet

a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols

World Wide Web

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

Digital Divide

differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

User Interface

the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software

Input

data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program

Output

any data that are sent from a program to a device

Program Statement

a command or instruction

Program

a collection of program statements

Sequential Programming

program statements run in order, from top to bottom

Event Driven Programming

some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press

Documentation

a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed

Comment

form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs

Pair Programming

a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress

Debugging

Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program

Development process

the steps or phases used to create a piece of software

Event

associated with an action and supplies input data to a program

Expression

  a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value

Assignment Operator

allows a program to change the value represented by a variable

Variable

a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program

String

an ordered sequence of characters

Boolean Value

a data type that is either true or false

Comparison Operators

Logical operator

NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value

Conditional Statement

affect the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression

Function

a named group of programming instructions

Function Call

a command that executes the code within a function

List

an ordered collection of elements

Element

an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

Index

a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers

Iteration

a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met

Infinite loop

occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true

Traversal

the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time

Data abstraction

manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation

Problem

a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm

Algorithm

a finite set of instructions that accomplish a task

Sequencing

putting steps in an order

Selection

deciding which steps to do next

Iteration

doing some steps over and over

Efficiency

  a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm

Linear Search

a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked

Binary Search

a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated

Reasonable Time

Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.)

Unreasonable Time

Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time

Heuristic

provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible

Decision Problem

a problem with a yes/no answer  (e.g., is there a path from A to B?)

Optimization Problem

a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)

Undecidable Problem

a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer

Sequential Computing

a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time

Parallel Computing

a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously

Distributed Computing

a model in which programs are run by multiple devices

Speedup

the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel

Parameter

a variable in a function definition

Argument

the value passed to the parameter

Return

used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was called and to return the value of the expression

Procedural abstraction

a process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it

Library

a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs