Domestic policy refers to the social policies of the United States concerning areas such as crime prevention, education, energy, environment, healthcare, and social welfare.
Crime prevention has traditionally been a state and local matter, but the federal government has become increasingly involved.
The DEA prohibits illegal narcotics from entering the United States and patrols U.S. borders.
Education policy aims to ensure equal access to educational opportunities.
Energy policy focuses on conservation, alternative, and renewable sources of fuel, global warming, and toxic waste disposal.
The Superfund was established in 1980 for the clean-up of toxic waste sites.
The government passed legislation aimed at protecting the environment in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1970s that Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to enforce environmental legislation.
The Clean Air Acts of 1970 and 1990 were implemented to reduce air pollution.
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 was designed to clean up the nation’s lakes and rivers.
The Endangered Species Act provided government protection for species listed as endangered, and environmental impact statements required studies and reports of likely environmental impacts to be filed with the Environmental Protection Agency.
Health care was a significant issue in the 1992 presidential election, and a controversial national health care program was passed by Congress in 2009.
Social welfare programs began during the New Deal era to provide government help against economic distress.
Economic policy refers to the government's efforts to improve the overall economic health of a nation through government spending and taxation policies.
Fiscal policy, which involves the government's taxing and spending policies, is the responsibility of the President and Congress.
Monetary policy, which involves controlling the money supply through the banking system, is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve.
Discretionary spending includes defense spending, education, student loans, scientific research, environmental clean-up, law enforcement, disaster aid, and foreign aid.
Non-Discretionary spending includes interest on the national debt and social welfare and entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, veterans' pensions, and unemployment insurance.
The federal budget indicates the amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government spending for a fiscal year (October 1 to September 30).
Congress debates and often modifies the President's proposal.
The Appropriations Committee for each house submits bills to authorize spending.
Foreign policy involves strategies and procedures for dealing with other nations to maintain peaceful relations through diplomatic, military, or trade relations.
Defense policy is the role of the military establishment in providing for the defense of the nation.
The Department of State is the major organization for carrying out foreign policy, and the Department of Defense provides military information to the president.
The National Security Council includes the president:
The United States Information Agency helps keep the world informed about America, the American way of life, and American views on world problems.
The Central Intelligence Agency is responsible for gathering secret information essential to national defense.
Congress plays a major role in the development of foreign policy, including making recommendations to Congress and the president on foreign relations, approving treaties and ambassador nominations, and approving spending for national defense.
Current foreign policy issues include nuclear proliferation, terrorism, international trade, and how to manage conflicts abroad.
The president has significant power in foreign policy, but it is not exclusive.
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