everything

Ecology

Its the study of the interactions of the organismsm and the living and non living components of their enviroment

….. involves collecting information about organisms and their environment

skipped

Ecology

Each organisism have unique properties due to the?

Interactions within their enviroments components

Usually ecologistst often focus their research on?

One level of organization

But any level is influenced by?

Processes at other levels

Levels of organization

1 biosphere ecosystems

Comunites populations and organisms

The broadest most exclusive level of organization is?

The biosphere

Its?

The thin volume of earth and its atmosphere that supports life

All organisms are found with in a …..

Biosphere

Ecologists often describe a biosphere as ?

A thin film about 20km thick covering an otherwise lifeless planet

How are the living things distiurbiuted in the biosphere

Not evenly distributed

Where are most living things located?

Most organismsm are found within a few meters of the surface of the land or ocean

The biosphere is composed of smaller units called?

Ecosystems

An ecosystem involves

includes all of the organisms and non living enviroment found in a particular place

For example a pond is a ecosystem it contains many organisms such as?

Insects fish turtles algea bacteria and aquatic plants

Which those organismsm interact in a way that?

Effects there survival

And also the nonliving chemical and physical such as, the most important one? Why?

How much oxygen is disolved in that water or carbon dioxide its chemical composition and its nitrogen its ph levels determines which animals live in there and how abundant they are

How much sunlight that pond receives, beacuse sunlight is the ultimate source of energy the inhabitants of the ponds can receive

The eco system refers to the living and non living the communities are referred to only?

A community

Organisms, is all the interacting organisms living in that area

An comunity may have thousands of? Ecologists studying communities mostly study

Species, on who the species interact and how these interactiions influnce the nature of the comunnity

A population refers to, its def?

Members of a single species, includes all members of a species living in one place at one time

Organism

Its an indenpendent individual that contains all the characteristics of life

The simplest level of organizations is? The research here concentrates

Organism, the adaptations that alow organismsm to overcome the challenges of their enviroments

A key factor in ecology is that?The theme of the interconections between the organismsm

No organism is isolated, is the central study of ecology

So ecology is generally, like the comunity thingy

which that also determines so the ecosystem is a web?

How the organisms interact with one another and how they interact with the non living enviroment

The chances of surival for those animals

We cant survive with out?Why does our cells need oxygen? And also photosynthetic organismsm also depend on? Such as?And carbon dioxide gas is an essential raw material for making?

Plants and other photosynthetic organismsm that make oxygen To release the energy in food, the release of carbon dioxide from cellular respirations of other organisms

Humans and geographical procceses such as volcanic eruptions

Carbo hydrotes

Disturbbances in ecosystems

An important consequence of interconectedness ia that

Any disturbance can make a change in an ecosystem in some un expected ways

This example refers to the interrelationship among species in a oak forest

Diseas name? What does it do? Where does it come from?

The number of people who got sick from lyme disease is a bacterial infection that can damage the nervous system and is related to acorn production is oak forests

Oak tress usually makes how many acorns per a year ? But some years? Which causes some changes such as? Which cause s what to increase aswell? What is also spread? The number of people who that get lyme disease depends on? Ticks carries what that can caryy the lyme diseases?

A few or non they make a pile mice and deers increase which causes an increase in there population beacuse of an increase in food which causes the ticks that feed on deer and mice to increase aswell which that tick that bites deers has to the lyme disease so the number of ticks that increase and when there are more people in the forest more people get get the lyme disease beacuse the ticks carry the bacteria that has lyme diseases

Habitat?

Ecologistst seperate the enviromental factors that influence an organism into two

Where the organism lives

Biotic and abiotic

Biotic, its includes? Abiotic? Are? Important abiotics are?The impor tance of each fator varies on? Both biotic and biotic are? Organisms change their enviroment? And plants example?

The living components of teh enviroment is teh biotic factor, all the living things that effect the organism

The nonliving components are called abiotic factors, the chemical and physical characteristics of the environment

Temprature humidity precipitation ph salinity oxyfgen concentration and avaliability of nitrogen the amount of sunlight

Diffrence between one enviroment to another

Dependent, change their enviroment and are influenced by the enviroment change

The more nitogen in the soil the faster the plants grow but also plants change the amount of nitrogen by absorbing nitrogenic compounds from the soil

The changing enviroment

Abiotic factors are not ? And vary? For example? Also important to organisms are the small diffrences in temprsture of an habitat?

Constant and change from place to place, temprature allways changes and it varies from place to place for example an Area exposed to a tree and an area not exposed to a tree

Reponses to a changing enviroment

Organisms are adapted , it is possible to determine this range for an organism by measuring?

To function within a specific range. Of temprature

How effieciently it performs at diffrent temprartures

Tolerance curve

The example of the fish?

A graph of performance versus values of an expiremental variable such as temprature

The tolerence curve measured its speed at diffrent temprature there is the fishes body temprature which is known as the optimal range it can go fasted here but fishes can survive outside of its optimals but its performace is greatly reduced and it cant survive outside its tolerance limits

An organism canot survive in areas? In some cases? But in most cases?

Where its conditiosn fall out of its telerance limits

The fishes tolerance can be determined by one factor such as temprature

It consists of several cases

Acclimination For example?

Some organisms can adjust there tolerence to abiotic factors through the procces of aclimination

Gold fishes raised at diffrent tempratures have diffrent tolerance levels

Control of internal conditions

There are two ways for organisms to deal with the changes in their enviroment

Conformers

For example

Conformers and regulators

There internal body temprature changes as their enviroment tempratrue changes

Lizards temprature change as their enviroments temprature changes

Regulators

For example humans

What about fishes that live at salt sea water and fresh water

Are organisms that use energy to control some of their internal conditions

Stay at almost a stabale 37 celcius

They are conformers to their enviromental changes but are regulators of their internal salt concentration

Escape unsiutable conditions? For example? Many?

Some species can survive unfavorable enviromental conditions by trying to escape from them temporarily

For example desert animals dig inside the ground or go under a shade when the day is too hot

Are more active at night when the temprature is much lower

Dormacy

For example?

Is a long term startegy when they enter a state of reduced activity during periods of unfavorable enviromental conditions

When ist becomes too coled for reptiles and amphibians to telerate those animals survive by digging under ground under spring comes

Another strategy? Its called?e.x?

Its to move from one enviroment to another with more favorable habitat

Is the seasonal movement of birds In summer and spring they migrate to cooler climates and in the fall they migrate to hooter ones

There are two types of migrations

Emigration individuals move out of a population

Immigration in which individuals move into a population

Resources

Whether a certain species can survive in a habitat depends on?

Resources

The resources? How ever resources esential needed for an organism differ from? For example plants?

Plants and animals are to share the samemspaces beacuse?

The suitability of the enviroment conditions and on the avialiability of resources

The energy and the materials a species needs

Water food energy sunlight and nesting sites

Species to species

Need sunlight carbon dioxide water and nutrients from the soil

They each have diffrent requirements for survival

Niche

The niche includes

Is the role that the organism plays in its enviroment

The ranges of conditions a species can tolerate the way by which it obtains needed resources the number fo offpsrigns it has its time of reproduction and all of its other interactions with its enviroment

When studying a niche of an organism the scientests take some factors that can be easily measured

The example of the blue gnatscatcher?

1 where the species live 2 what time of day its active 3 what it eats

It gets its prey from 3 to 5 m up and its prey is mostly 4mm innlength

Niche diffrences

A species niche can change within a? For example?

Single generation

Caterpilars eat leaves of the plant after feeding from some time they turn into butterflies which feed on nectar

Generalists

On the other hand the example

Spicialists

Are species with broad niches they can tolerate a range of conditions and use a variaty of resources The koala aon the other hand only eats leaves from the eucalyptus trees

Are species with narrow niches

Twonkinds if factors influence organisms which are?

Species do 2 strategies in dealing with enviromental changes

Whether a certain species can survive in a habitat depends on?

Biotic and abiotic

Conformers and regulators

Its suitabilty of enviromental changes and resources

Properties of populations

Populations size is the ? Its very important but? If population is small and composed of imobile organisms ? But individuals are more?So scientests? How ? Scientests also can use what to count them? Ex?

Population size density and dispersion, number of individuals it contains, its very dificult to measure directly

Its size can be determined simply by counting teh number of teh individuals but , are abundunt widespread or too mobile , must estimate the number of individuals in a population

For example they want to know the amount of palm trees of a 10 km ² area they would come and count the amount of palm trees in 1km² and estimate the 10 km example it had 10 then in 10km² it would have. 100

Migrating wildbeests in africa are too large of a number so scientests must use sampling methods at several locations to monitor the changes in population size

Sampling

Population density, its allways expressed as? Example? Some countries may be? Or may be?

Measures how crowded a population is , number of individuals per a unit area or volume

There are 30 american people per a km squared

Very sparsly located beacuse of its large size or it may be very dense beacuse of its small size

Dispersion, types of dispersion?Clumped?Even? Random?When do clumps usually happen? It can also happen ? Even can happen if? For example?

Is the spatial distribution of individuals within a population

Clumped random and even

Clumped distirbiution individuals are clustered together

In an even distirbiution individuals are seperated by a fairly consistant distance

In random distirbiution each individuals location is independent of the location of the other individuals

In random the place of each organism is indenpendant of that of the other

When resources such as food and living spaces are clumped

Beacuse of a species social behaviour for exampel when zebras form herds and birds form flocks

Cxan happen from interactions but these interactions the animals usually try to get as far from each other

Gannets takes a small place for its self and defends it from other gannets each gannet tries to maximum its distance from all neighbors which causes an even distirbiution

A random is usually caused? Random seed dispersal results in? How ever the pattren dispersion of a population depends on? For example the garnets are measured in?

By seed dispersals by wind or birds, a forerst or a field of wild flowers

The scale at which the population is observed

Meters and its even but if its the whole island they would look clumped

Turtles clamp to? Birds? The fishes close up, the gaanets? A forest is an example of?

Bask in the sun, are even as social interactions

Look even but furthur away they look clumped Close up they look evenly distirbiuted but at greater distance they look clumped, random dispersion

All populations are dynamic

To understand these changes more knowladge is needed about the

They change in size and composition over time

Population than its size density and dispersion

One important measure is the ? Which is? Another important measure? Its? Another one? Its?

Examples?

Birth rate, the number of births occuring, in a period of time, death rate or mortality rate, the amounts of death ocruing in a period of time

Life expectency its how long on average an individual is expected to live

Birth rate per a year is 4mil in america 2.4 mil death per a year in america

Age structure ?its often presenetd as? Many important populatyion precceses vary? In many species including humans for example?Populations with a high percentage of

The distirbiution of individuals among diffrent ages in a population, graphs

With age, very old individuals do not reproduce

Young individuals have a greater potential for rapid growth

Patrens of mortality, the curves are called the?

Survivorship curves, humans an elephants. When mortality increases rapidly this pattren of mortality produces? For other organisms for example some species of birds?have? Stage three? E.x?

We have three types of curves

Survivorship curves, they show the likelihood of survival at diffrent ages throughout the life time of an organism

Its hard to die until late life

The type 1 survival ship, their mortality rate does not change thorughout their life giving a type 2 surivivol curve also known as linear

These organisms mostly die at young age but if it gets past through that stage it can survive to old age

Some species of fish

There are two kinds of limiting factors which control population size

Indenpendant factors

For example

Dependant factors, which is triggered by?

Carying capacity Which prevents?

1 density indenpendant factors and dependant factors

Such as wheather floods and fires reduce the population by the same proportions regardless of the populations size

A forest fire destroyes a population of squirls it does not matter if the population of squires is 1 or 100

Resource limitations, increasing population density

Its the number of individual and ecosystem can support with its resources its called carying capacity

Unlimited growth of populations

population regulators?

Each animals controls

E.x

Population fluctuations perils of small population

The other animals cycle

The population of the hares increased when the lynxes decreased and they decrease due to an increase in lynxes due to an increase in food for lynxes

Perils of small populations

The rapidly growing human population has caused? For e.x? Due to?what can cause the cheetas and other small population?to go instinct? And also leave?

Also the members of a small population may be decendent from a few individuals which causes an increae in chance of? In breeding?offspring of related parents often

Extreme reduction in the population of some other species and subspecies

Fewer 200 siberian tigers remain in the wild ,over hunting and habitat destruction

Enviromental disturbances such as storms floods and fires and even disease outbreaks

Few individuals left to maintain the population

In breeding mating with relatives

Fewer offspring are more suspectible to diseases and have a shorter lifespan

When did the human population grow very slow

During that time how did the humans live? Gathering?

From the time of homosapiens about 500k years ago until 12k years ago

Small nomadic groups and obtained food by hunting animals and gathering, roots berries nuts shellfish and fruits

That way of life is called?By studying hunter gatherer societies today Low rate of population growth results from?Esp?

Hunter gatherer lifestyle

Small populations and high mortality rates, infants and young children who never reached reproductive maturity

When did the hunter gatherer change? When humans? This dramatic change in life style is called? It led to? Most impottant argicultral? Which caused?10k years ago what was the population? 2k years ago?

About 12k years ago. Learned how to domesticate animals and cultivate plants for food

Argicultural revulotion. Changes in every espect of life, greatly improved and stabilized and increase food supply

The human population began to grow faster

2 and 20 million

170 and 330 mil

The bubunic plague in? Is thought t o have killed? The population growth increase after 1650 why? Their are many reason for a decline in death rates? While?

1347-1352

25 percent of europe

Beacuse of a sharp decline in death rates

Sanitization hygiene control of diseases increase in aviabilt in food and improved economic condictions

The death rates fell the birth rates remained high

By 1650 pop?by 1800? By 1930?Mortality went down again after?why? Between the 1960 and 1987 how many years?

500mil 1bil and 2 bil, world war 2 Beacuse of an increase in sanitation and hygiene in the worlds poorer contries

Human population increased from 3 billion to 5 billion, 27 years

Population growth today

the global growth rate peaked in?? Now? Why? People thought? But infact? Why?

Population sizes capita and years given?

Riht now about 20 percent of the worlds population live? They? Their capita? Due to?

The growth rate reached 0.021 1960 capita about 0.014 capita

Birth artes decreased, that it has decreased? It has increased from this year than when it peaked

Beacuse we have a greater population size

1970 0.0196 3.7 billion 73mil

1999 0.014 6bil 84 million

In developed countries , better educated healtheir and live longer than the rest of the worlds population

Is very llow about 0.01 percent a capita ? The mortality rates being higher than the birth rates

Most people about 80 percent live in? In general? Capita?

Developing countries, are poorer and their population is way higher

0.015

The population grew at its fastest rate

Scientests say the current human population is not?

Imesdiatoy after world war 2 beacuse beteer sanitizatio and medical care an dhygiene and health

Stable

The populations age structure indicates

Populations fluctuates in time

Small populations

Density dependant factors kill more?

The percentage of individuals at each age

Enviromental changes

Are less rebound from enviromental changes are likely to experience inbreeding and their genetic diversity is low

Individuals in larger populations than in small one

The fice major types of close interactions are (symbioses)? These symbolic relationships help determine the?

Peredation paratism competition mutualism commensalism

Nature of communities

Is a powerfull force in the comunity

1 -Predation

Predatordef

Prey def

Predation influences, by? predation is also an effective?

Predations

The predetor captures kills and consues the other individual, the prey

Where and how species live by dertermining relationships in the food web

Regulator of teh population size

Predators prey natural selection

Addaptations improve the ? At? For e.x? These pits enable?even? More examples?Which provides what where?

Efficiency of predation at finding capturing and consuming prey

Rattle snake have acute sense of smell and specialized heat sensetiuve pits located below their nostril

Rattle snake to aim its strike at warm bodied prey acuratly even in the dark

The web of spiders the sharp teeth of wolves and coyotes, and the striped pattren of tigers coatr which provides camoflauge in the tIgers grassland habitat

Snake uses ? Diffrentiate between coral and king snakes? ( next pages)

Poisin to disable their prey trough sharp hollow fangs

The coral snake yellow and red colors are touching and it has a black snout

A predators survival depends on?And a preys survival ability to? Natural selection has favored ways for? ? ? E.xs? Frogs bright color?

Its ability to capture food, avoid being captured

Preys to escape or ward off predators

Flee when a predator aproaches and others escape detection by hiding or resembling as an in edible object

Mantis and frog is poisinious so its color warns other animals of its toxicity

What is important in anti predator defense? What are the two forms of mimicry?

2 def ?Mimicry? The harmless mimic is protected beacuse? For example? Another type of mimicry?e.x? This mimicry? Why?

Deception, a harmless species resembles a poisinous or distaste full species, often mistaken to be a dangerous look alike 1 resembling 2 look alike

The king snake which is not poisinous looks alike coral snake which its very poisinous

Two or more dangerous or distasteful species look similar

Waps and bees have similar pattrens of yellow and black stripes

Benefits both species, predator that encounters an individual of one species will avoid similar individuals

3 Plant herbivor interaction ?erbivors? Ecologists refers to the relantionship of plants and plant eating animals as?

Plants have evovled adaptation that protect them from being?such as? Can make? Plants have what type of defenses? They synthesize? From products of their?Called? That are?An example? Which is? Found in?Poison oak? Altough?many?

Animals that eat plants are herbivors

A form of predation, eaten? Sharp thorns spines sticky hairs nad tough leaves, the plant more tough to eat

Both physical and chemical defenses

Chemicals, metabolism, secondery compounds, poisinous irritating or bad tasting

Nicotine, toxic to insects and found in tobaco leaves, produces an iritating chemical that causes a rash on most people

Secondary compoubnds are usually toxic many have medical uses

Numbers of drugs like morphine and codiene are derived from the secondary compounds in plants

2 def? Parasitism, parasite, host, parasites can be into 2 general categoris based on? What are they? Examples?Parasites can have? What can ticks and te worms do?

Is a species interation that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits

The parasite feds on another individual known as the host, how they interact with their host

Ectoparasites are external parasites they live on their host but do not eneter the hosts body, ticks fleas lice leeches mosquitoes

Endoparasites are internal parasites and they live inside the hosts body

Disease casuing bacteria protists such as malaria parasites and tape worms, a strong negative empact on their host affecting both the healtha nd the reproduction of the host

Ticks can give them an infection or disease

By intenstial bloackage and robong the host of its nutritions

3 Competition

Competitiondef?, some spcies, so that?leaving?Ecologist use the principle of?to describe?

Results from the use of the same limited resource by two or more species, release toxins into the soil that prevent individuals of other species from benefitinf efficiently from it leaving less

Competitive exclusion to describe the siuations in which one species is iliminated from a comunity beacuse of teh competition for the sam resource

Competition and comunity structure

Competition has the potential?The composition of the comunity may change?Competetors also may evovle?

Competition is the most intense? When similar species coexits, this patren of resource is called? For example? Warlbers differ in?Each kind of warbler? As a result

To be an important influyence of the nature of teh comunity, through competitive exclusion, niche diffrences or anamotical diffrences that esens the intensity of competition, between closly related species that require the same resources, each species uses only part of the avialiable resources, resource partitioning

Warlbers that live in spruce and firtress and feed on insects, robert macarthur discovered that the warbles differ in where they foraged, each kind of warbler hunts for insects only in a particular section of the tree as a result competition among the species is reduced,

Mutualism and comensialism

Def? Mutualism, some are so close?E.x? What is the most important mutualistic relationships on earth? Animals such as?Polinate many? The plants usually? As the animals feeds in the flower? Which it will carry?

Is a cooperative relantionship in which both species derive some benefit, that one canot live without the other

Ants and bulls horns the ant nests inside the horns and recieves fppd frpm the plant and the ants protect the acacia from predation of herbivors and trim back vegetation that shades the shrub

Polination, bees butterflies flies and bettles bats and birds, flowering plants, provides food for its polinators

It picks up laods of pollen, to teh next flower of the same species

The example of the bat?

Bat are active at night and go by smell or sound so tehy dont go for highly colored plants but ones that have high fragrance as it feeds it becoems smeared with pollen and caries that pollen to another plant while eating it

Comensialism, ex?

Is an interaction which one is benefiting and teh other remains un harmed

Cattle egrets and cape buffalo in tanzania

The birds feed on small animals such as insects and lizards that are forced out of their hiding places by buffalos movement through the grass

One charastristic of a comunity ? Its? A related measure is? Which means? Species diversity suggests that?

Species richness the number of species it contains species eveness wjhich relates the number of species in the comunity relative abundance of each each species richness is a simplec ounthe of the spew

Species richness varies with? Its? As a general rule? Species richness is greatest in? Why are there more in tropics? This stability allowed species? Another hypothesis?

Latitude distance from the equator the closerr to the equator the more species it wiill contain tropical rain forsts temprature habitats are younger having formed since the last ice age therfor tropicals were not distiirbiuted by the ice ages While habitats farthor north were and also the climate is more stable in tropics This stability alowed species to specialize to a greater deggre than they could in temprate regions where the temp is more variable

Beacuse plants photsynthesie year around in the tropics there i more energy avialiable to support more organismsms

E.x of birds? What are biologically the richest habitats on earth?

The areasd that are cold have 0 -100 spceis while tha areas that are tropics and closer to the equator have way more reaching 600+

Equtaoral rain forestst

Another pattren of species richness is? This relationship is called? Species area effect is more prown to? Why? In the caribian for example? The size changes by? Why deos species richness increase with increasing area?

That larger areas usually ciontain more species than smaller areas do, species area effect

Islands beacuse area is clearly limited by geography

More amphibians and reptiles live on large islands such as cuba but on small islands such as redonda which only has 5 species and cuba nad hispaniola has about 100

The shorline changes and the enroaching of the humanpopulation making houses

Larger areas USUALLY CONTAIN GREATER DIVERSITY of habitats thus can support more species

The increasing in human population destroys about how much of the tropical rainforests per a year? The destruction of the habitats result in?

2 percent, extinction of species

Species interactions and species richness

Interactions amoung species somtimes promotes?Studoes has SHown that?

When the seas star pisaster was REMOVED?

Species richness

Predators can provent competitive exclusing from ocuring among their prey

The musuls crowded out many of the other competing species in the area predation by the sea star on the mussle promoted divesrsity by controlling the superior competetor the mussel

Comunity stability

One of the most important charastristics of a comunity is how it responds, the stabiklity of a comunity ?For many years ecologistst agreed that? They stated? One line of evidence?

species interation such as ….. can promote species richness

species richness imroves a comunities stability

to disturbances

Indicates its resistance to change, stability was DIRECTLY RELARED TO SPECIES RICHNESS

Comunities with more spcies would have more links between other species these links would in a sense disperse the effect of disturbances and prevent distruption of the comunity

Vulnerbiulioty of argicultural fields which usually contain one species of crop plants to outbreak os insect pestst

Succesion def? You can see early signs of succesion in?Where?in?There are two types?

Primary succesion? Such as? Secondary succesion?E.x?

The gradual sequaintial regrowth of species in an area is called succsionn

Abondent fields vacant lots along roads and eve sidewalks;ls pr parking lots, weed is pushibng up through the track in concrete

Primary succesion and secondary succesion

Is the development of a community in a are that has not supported life before

Bare rock sand dune and an island formed by a volcanic erruptions

Is the sequantial replacemnt of species that follows disruption of an existing comunitty

Natural disaster such as foresdt fire strong storm or human activities sucha s farming looging or mining

a new habitat whether? Is an invitation? Pioneer species def? They tend to be? They are well suited?

Its a freshly plowed filed newly exposed bedrockor a pond of water left by heavy rain

To species that are adapted to be good pioneers

The species that predominate early in succession

Tend to be small fast growing and reproducing are well suited for invading and occupying a disturbed habitat

Primary succesion

Primary succesion often proceeds very slowly beacuse?for example? Thos geologic formation called? Was a place where? Repeated? Lichens snd mutalistic relation between? Dod what to the rock?

The monerals neccesary for plant hrowth are unabialiavle, when glaciers last retearrd rrom eastren canada about 12k years ago they left a hugr stretch of bareen bedrock from ehich all the oil had been scraped , the canadian shirld

Plants and most animals cant live , freezing and thawing broke this rock into smaller pieces , fingi and either algea or cyanobacteria , colonized the rock

Acids in?did what? Eventually ? Along with? Begun to? Few what could grow? These plants then? Soon?today mich of the canadian shield is densely populated with? Whos roots cling to soil who in some areas is still about?

Lichens and mildly acidic rain. Washed nitrient minerals from the rock , the dead organic matter from the decayed lichens along with minerals from the rock to form a thin layer of soil where frw gradslike plants can grow

Died and their decomposition added more organic material to the soil, shrubs began to grow and then tress appeared , pinr balsam and spruce few deep

Glacier bay alaska e.x

Ecologists study the proccrs of primary succesion by examining? A the changes take about? Explain the steps?

A variety of areas at diffrent succesional stages 200 years

Lifeless glacial (till) which is pulvarized gray rock

The second is the wake retreating glacier

Is an early stage of succession in whcih small plants and shribs are growing on site

Am end stage of succession

Secondary succession

It ocures when? Such as?but? In secondary succesion it commonly takes about ? In eastern tempeate regions for secon ot typicaly begins?

An existing comunity has been cleared by a disturbance, agricultural, the soil has been left intact, 100 years for the original ecosystem to return thorough a deries of well defined stages

Secondary suc typically begins with annual gradsses mustards and dandelions

Succesions proccrds with?

E.x is being pionnefed by? Evetually taller plants and shribs will? Next a forest of pinr or cottonwood my be sucrded by a? It takes about how many years without disturbances

Perennial graddes and shrubs continues with trees like dog wood and proceeds to decidous forest

Weeds shade out the pionnefs next a hardwood forest 100 years

The traditional description of succesion is ? The organisms in each stage ? In ways? In a sense? Leading ultimatly whoch remains

summary

….. is a change in the secies composition of a comunity?

Thr comunity proccrds through a preditable stages until it reaches a stable end point called climax comunity

Alter the physical environment , make ot less favorable for their pwn sirvival but more favorable for prganisms, each stage paves the way for the next

To the climax comunity, constant for a long period of time

succesion

Ecologists began to study they found a ? Some so called climax comunitirs for example are?instead of invitably proccrding toward climax comunity Alter succesion may be? By? For example many grasslands gove way? But? Ecologists agree i? In what ocurs in nature

Complex picture, stable and cantinue to change , regularly reset disturbances

To forests firest, the idea of single succesful pathway fin a stable climax comunity

Producers include? ….. their own food ? Beacuse autotrophs capture energy and use it to make? They are called? Most producers are? So they use? How ever some autotrophic bacteria? These bacteria carry out ?

Auto trophs,Plants some kinds of protists and bacteria, they manufacture, produce organic molecules, are known as producers ,photosynthetic ,solar energy to power the production of food ,do not use sunlight as energy source ,they carry out chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis? In which terestial ecosystems plants are usually the? In aquatic ecosystems What are the major producers there?

They produce carbohydrates by using energy from inorganic molecules,terestrial aquatic ecosystems photosynthetic protists and bacteria are the major producers,found there, photosynthetic protists and bacteria are usually the major producers.