USH Unit 1 Review

lol

What motivated people to try and go the other way around the world?

Better trade route to Asia

What delayed Europe from colonizing the New World (EXCEPT SPAIN)?

Protestant vs Catholic disputes

Who originally promoted expansion/colonizing of the New World in ENGLAND?

Richard Hakluyt

Why does England have the potential to benefit the most from the discovery of the New World?

They were furthest from Asia (compared to Spain)

Why did the Spanish armada try and attack England?

King Philip did not like Queen Elizabeth’s flirty antics

Who originally proposed the benefits of colonies and started Roanoke?

Walter Raleigh

What were the lessons learned from Roanoke?

1. Planting colonies was too expensive to be funded by 1 person (led to joint stock companies)

2. They could not make them temporary (had to be permanent to be worth it)

3. Needed support of the Crown

King James gives charters to which companies?

London and Plymouth companies

The London company founded what colony on their 3rd attempt?

Jamestown

Why did Jamestown almost fail?

1. The people did not have good survival skills

2. Settled in a swamp (malaria)

3. Alienated natives (Powhatan)

Why were some of the early Natives tribes like the Powhatan decimated?

1. No resistance to European disease (did not come into contact with Europeans early on)

2. Not part of a large alliance

Who is responsible for saving Jamestown by becoming the leader? (encourages individualism)

John Smith

What was the first elected assembly in the New World? (in Jamestown)

House of Burgesses

What was the major difference between Virginia colonies and New England colonies? (New England had, but Virginia did not)

Religion

Where did all the New England colonies originate from?

Massachusetts

Why were early New England colonies more independent from England?

They disagreed on religion

Where did the Puritans go before heading for the New World?

Leiden, Holland

What was were the rules the Puritans established before they got off the ship at Cape Cod?

The Mayflower Compact

Who was the most important governor of Plymouth?

William Bradford

The pilgrims signed a 50 year peace agreement with who?

Natives (Wampanoag)

What were the 3 “F”s that made up the economy in New England

Fish, fur, and forests

Who disbanded Parliament and started persecuting Puritans?

Charles I

Who led the Puritan Migration?

John Winthrop

What qualities made the Puritans successful in the New World?

Educated, industrious, hard workers, did not care about wealth.

What was the Compact of Covenant?

Enforced church rules and collected church tax

To be a member of the church, one would have to prove what?

Visible Sainthood

Why did proving visible sainthood get progressively more difficult?

More people were arriving in the New World (crossing the ocean was not a significant feat anymore)

What colony swallowed up Plymouth and the other MA settlements?

Mass Bay

How did most New England colonies form?

People were kicked out MA (usually religious reasons)

Who founded Providence?

Roger Williams

Who founded Portsmouth and started antinomianism?

Anne Hutchinson

What was different about Providence?

It promised freedom of Religion and all free men could vote

Why was antinomianism controversial?

It preached that predestined people did not need to prove it → people did not need to do work → (leaders were scared people would become lazy)

Who founded Connecticut?

Thomas Hooker

What made up the economy in New England?

Logging, ship building, fishing, and distilling

Why did New England have subsistence farms?

The soil was not good enough to making large scale farming profitable.

Why did slavery not catch on in New England?

No cash crop or large scale farming made it unprofitable

Why was the half covenant put in place?

Proving visible sainthood became too difficult, so it allowed people to join the church with limited rights

Who advocated early on for Natives to assimilate and built praying towns?

John Elliot

Who was the sachem of the Wampanoag before King Philip’s war?

Massasoit

What was King Philip’s real name?

Metacomet

What sparked King Philip’s War?

An assimilated native was murdered by other natives and when the murderers were being tried in court, one of them escaped.

What did the Natives target during King Philip’s War?

Frontier settlements on the West (they made their way east)

What caused the end of King Philip’s War?

The English recovered and attacked the Natives by flooding a swamp.

What was the result of King Philip’s War?

Assimilation ended and relationships broken down

How did the Salem Witch Trials start?

3 young girls came into a church and claimed to have been bewitched by an old woman

Why did one of the 3 women admit to being a witch?

She wanted to survive by claiming she knew of other witches

Why was it so difficult to stop the hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials?

Anyone who spoke up would be accused of being a witch/warlock

What did Increase Mathers have to say about the Salem Witch Trials?

It is better to let 10 witches free than to convict 1 innocent person

Who were propreiters?

People who did favors for the Crown and gained large amounts of land ownership as a reward

Who founded Maryland?

Lord Baltimore

Why was Maryland founded?

It was meant to be a haven for Catholics, but there ended up being so many others that it started promoting total religious freedom (for Christians).

What was the Act of Toleration?

First law that promoted religious freedom (for christians, passed in Maryland)

What was the headright system?

System of land distribution in Maryland and Virginia where every person got 50 acres of land (as long as they marked boundaries, built a home, and grew crops)

What was the Indentured Service System?

People were paid to come and work under someone in Maryland and it added 50 acres to their employer’s land (workers were free after usually 7 years and claim their own land)

Why did slavery grow in Virginia?

End of English civil war meant less religious prosecution → less people were interesting in coming over → less indentured servants → more slaves

What led up to Bacon’s Rebellion?

Governor introduced laws that favored eastern farmers over western ones (eastern farms already had an advantage) and tobacco pricing were dropping + colonists were starting to farm on native protected land

Where did Nathaniel Bacon and some other western farmers march on?

They marched on Jamestown but were put down by Berkeley’s militia

What can be taken away from Bacon’s rebellion?

Class different between large and small farmers

East vs West tension (instead of north vs south yet)

Colonists were starting to challenge the crown (Virginia was a royal colony)

What caused the English Civil War?

Charles I tried to increase taxes and he also kept abusing his power by disbanding parliament (which they did not like)

(King was cavaliers, parliament was roundheads)

What was the impact of the English Civil War on the colonies?

English were too busy with internal problems to worry about the New World

Why were all colonies after Charles II called restoration colonies?

They were colonies founded after the restoration of the crown (by Charles II who succeeded Oliver Cromwell)

What did proprietors offer in order to get people inside their colonies?

Religious freedom, political freedom, and land

What made the middle colonies different?

Lots of ethnic groups and immigrants → increased toleration

Who founded the Dutch colony New Netherland?

Henry Hudson while looking for the Northwest Passage

What was the patroon system used by the Dutch?

Anyone who could get 50 adults to come with them would get lots of land

Why did the English not like the Dutch?

They split the colonies in half and were taking money as middlemen

What do the English do to force the Dutch out?

They conduct economic warfare by passing the Navigation Acts which banned the colonists from direct trade with the Dutch (had to pass through England first)

Charles II sent the Duke of York (James Stuart) to capture New Netherland and make his own colony (New York)

How was New Jersey founded?

Charles II gave some of New York to some nobles/friends

What did Quakers believed in that caused them to be so heavily persecuted?

They believed in the equality of all men and women (also were pacifists)

Also believed that religious authority was found in soul, not church (inner light)

Who was the proprietor that established Pennsylvania?

William Penn (king didn’t know he was a quaker)

What was special about Pennsylvania?

Charter of Liberties granted freedom of worship to ANYONE

Lots of ethnic minorities (swedes and germans)

Alliances with Natives

All could vote? (not completely sure)

What sparked the Zenger Case?

The New York governor William Crosby deposed Lewis Morris from the Supreme Court → Lewis went to John Peter Zenger → they started a newspaper to ridicule and defame Crosby

How did the Zenger Case end?

Crosby sues Lewis and Zenger for defamation, but he loses and freedom of speech/freedom of the press is established for the first time

What made North Carolina different from South Carolina?

The north lacked a deep inland river for transportation and trade, did not have a big port, also bad soil quality

South had all these things (Port Charleston)

Why did the Carolinas drift apart?

Their economies were very different so eventually they ended up with 2 separate governments and constitutions

Who was the proprietor of Georgia?

James Oglethorpe

Why was Georgia’s location geographically important to the colonies?

Served as a defensive buffer from Natives in Florida (Seminoles?)

Why dud Georgia almost fail as a colony?

Oglethorpe banned things like rum and slavery and it did not have an assembly, which made people unhappy

(these were reversed later on when Oglethorpe gave back his charter)

What was arminianism in the colonies?

Young people focused more on making money and having decent lives than faith and religion, they believed they could control their own fate

What caused the Great Awakening?

A very strong backlash to arminianism where people started preaching very strongly about sinning and salvation

Who wrote “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?

John Edwards

Who’s powerful preaching helped spread the Great Awakening all over the colonies?

George Whitefield

What was the impact of the Great Awakening on churches?

Churches double → some embrace the Great Awakening and some dont → new vs old lights

Why was the Great Awakening important?

First event to truly impact all of America, also people started challenging ministers

Who was John Locke?

Famous English philosopher who influenced government with his ideas about freedoms, natural rights, and limited representation

Who was Adam Smite?

Famous Scottish economist who wrote “The Wealth of Nations” and described the world as mercantilist while promoting capitalism and the free market

Who was Montesquieu?

Famous French philosopher who wrote “The Spirit of Laws” and introduces the ideas of power separation, constitutions, and civil liberties

Why did James II try to make the Dominion of New England?

He wanted to take away some of the colonists power by placing his own royal governor (Edmund Andros) to control New England

What was the impact of the Dominion of New England?

It failed and showed that England could not directly control the colonies

The relationship between England and the colonies was?

Largely economic and went through the Board of Trade

What is Mercantilism?

When the government is used to control the economy through laws in order to increase a country’s overall wealth

What were the 5 practices of mercantilism?

1. A nation’s wealth was based off its gold and silver

2. Sell more than you buy, export more than you import

3. Promote manufacturing and not simply exporting raw materials

4. Promote shipping to profit as middlemen

5. Plant colonies to get more raw materials

What were the Navigation Acts?

Laws that prevented the colonies from directly trading with others by forcing most products to first go through England (mainly targetted Dutch)

What were Enumeration Articles?

Valuable goods that could not be traded outside the English Empire (ex. dyes and spices)

What was salutary neglect?

When the English would purposely ignore smuggled goods since it benefited them both

How did this economic relationship change?

The colonists soon wanted to stop England from taking a cut of their profits and started manufacturing on their own, the English also stopped salutary neglect

What made the French colonies different?

They came later

There were fewer colonists than English

They had the best relationships with Natives

They mainly hunted and did not set up many permanent settlements

Came down the interior river systems and ended up in the midwest and away from colonies

What started the French and Indian War?

Territory disputes in the Ohio Valley by the French and English

What did the French do to fight against the English?

They built a lot of forts in the area (Fort Duquesne)