Studied by 44 people
lol
What motivated people to try and go the other way around the world?
Better trade route to Asia
What delayed Europe from colonizing the New World (EXCEPT SPAIN)?
Protestant vs Catholic disputes
Who originally promoted expansion/colonizing of the New World in ENGLAND?
Richard Hakluyt
Why does England have the potential to benefit the most from the discovery of the New World?
They were furthest from Asia (compared to Spain)
Why did the Spanish armada try and attack England?
King Philip did not like Queen Elizabeth’s flirty antics
Who originally proposed the benefits of colonies and started Roanoke?
Walter Raleigh
What were the lessons learned from Roanoke?
Planting colonies was too expensive to be funded by 1 person (led to joint stock companies)
They could not make them temporary (had to be permanent to be worth it)
Needed support of the Crown
King James gives charters to which companies?
London and Plymouth companies
The London company founded what colony on their 3rd attempt?
Jamestown
Why did Jamestown almost fail?
The people did not have good survival skills
Settled in a swamp (malaria)
Alienated natives (Powhatan)
Why were some of the early Natives tribes like the Powhatan decimated?
No resistance to European disease (did not come into contact with Europeans early on)
Not part of a large alliance
Who is responsible for saving Jamestown by becoming the leader? (encourages individualism)
John Smith
What was the first elected assembly in the New World? (in Jamestown)
House of Burgesses
What was the major difference between Virginia colonies and New England colonies? (New England had, but Virginia did not)
Religion
Where did all the New England colonies originate from?
Massachusetts
Why were early New England colonies more independent from England?
They disagreed on religion
Where did the Puritans go before heading for the New World?
Leiden, Holland
What was were the rules the Puritans established before they got off the ship at Cape Cod?
The Mayflower Compact
Who was the most important governor of Plymouth?
William Bradford
The pilgrims signed a 50 year peace agreement with who?
Natives (Wampanoag)
What were the 3 “F”s that made up the economy in New England
Fish, fur, and forests
Who disbanded Parliament and started persecuting Puritans?
Charles I
Who led the Puritan Migration?
John Winthrop
What qualities made the Puritans successful in the New World?
Educated, industrious, hard workers, did not care about wealth.
What was the Compact of Covenant?
Enforced church rules and collected church tax
To be a member of the church, one would have to prove what?
Visible Sainthood
Why did proving visible sainthood get progressively more difficult?
More people were arriving in the New World (crossing the ocean was not a significant feat anymore)
What colony swallowed up Plymouth and the other MA settlements?
Mass Bay
How did most New England colonies form?
People were kicked out MA (usually religious reasons)
Who founded Providence?
Roger Williams
Who founded Portsmouth and started antinomianism?
Anne Hutchinson
What was different about Providence?
It promised freedom of Religion and all free men could vote
Why was antinomianism controversial?
It preached that predestined people did not need to prove it → people did not need to do work → (leaders were scared people would become lazy)
Who founded Connecticut?
Thomas Hooker
What made up the economy in New England?
Logging, ship building, fishing, and distilling
Why did New England have subsistence farms?
The soil was not good enough to making large scale farming profitable.
Why did slavery not catch on in New England?
No cash crop or large scale farming made it unprofitable
Why was the half covenant put in place?
Proving visible sainthood became too difficult, so it allowed people to join the church with limited rights
Who advocated early on for Natives to assimilate and built praying towns?
John Elliot
Who was the sachem of the Wampanoag before King Philip’s war?
Massasoit
What was King Philip’s real name?
Metacomet
What sparked King Philip’s War?
An assimilated native was murdered by other natives and when the murderers were being tried in court, one of them escaped.
What did the Natives target during King Philip’s War?
Frontier settlements on the West (they made their way east)
What caused the end of King Philip’s War?
The English recovered and attacked the Natives by flooding a swamp.
What was the result of King Philip’s War?
Assimilation ended and relationships broken down
How did the Salem Witch Trials start?
3 young girls came into a church and claimed to have been bewitched by an old woman
Why did one of the 3 women admit to being a witch?
She wanted to survive by claiming she knew of other witches
Why was it so difficult to stop the hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials?
Anyone who spoke up would be accused of being a witch/warlock
What did Increase Mathers have to say about the Salem Witch Trials?
It is better to let 10 witches free than to convict 1 innocent person
Who were propreiters?
People who did favors for the Crown and gained large amounts of land ownership as a reward
Who founded Maryland?
Lord Baltimore
Why was Maryland founded?
It was meant to be a haven for Catholics, but there ended up being so many others that it started promoting total religious freedom (for Christians).
What was the Act of Toleration?
First law that promoted religious freedom (for christians, passed in Maryland)
What was the headright system?
System of land distribution in Maryland and Virginia where every person got 50 acres of land (as long as they marked boundaries, built a home, and grew crops)
What was the Indentured Service System?
People were paid to come and work under someone in Maryland and it added 50 acres to their employer’s land (workers were free after usually 7 years and claim their own land)
Why did slavery grow in Virginia?
End of English civil war meant less religious prosecution → less people were interesting in coming over → less indentured servants → more slaves
What led up to Bacon’s Rebellion?
Governor introduced laws that favored eastern farmers over western ones (eastern farms already had an advantage) and tobacco pricing were dropping + colonists were starting to farm on native protected land
Where did Nathaniel Bacon and some other western farmers march on?
They marched on Jamestown but were put down by Berkeley’s militia
What can be taken away from Bacon’s rebellion?
Class different between large and small farmers
East vs West tension (instead of north vs south yet)
Colonists were starting to challenge the crown (Virginia was a royal colony)
What caused the English Civil War?
Charles I tried to increase taxes and he also kept abusing his power by disbanding parliament (which they did not like)
(King was cavaliers, parliament was roundheads)
What was the impact of the English Civil War on the colonies?
English were too busy with internal problems to worry about the New World
Why were all colonies after Charles II called restoration colonies?
They were colonies founded after the restoration of the crown (by Charles II who succeeded Oliver Cromwell)
What did proprietors offer in order to get people inside their colonies?
Religious freedom, political freedom, and land
What made the middle colonies different?
Lots of ethnic groups and immigrants → increased toleration
Who founded the Dutch colony New Netherland?
Henry Hudson while looking for the Northwest Passage
What was the patroon system used by the Dutch?
Anyone who could get 50 adults to come with them would get lots of land
Why did the English not like the Dutch?
They split the colonies in half and were taking money as middlemen
What do the English do to force the Dutch out?
They conduct economic warfare by passing the Navigation Acts which banned the colonists from direct trade with the Dutch (had to pass through England first)
Charles II sent the Duke of York (James Stuart) to capture New Netherland and make his own colony (New York)
How was New Jersey founded?
Charles II gave some of New York to some nobles/friends
What did Quakers believed in that caused them to be so heavily persecuted?
They believed in the equality of all men and women (also were pacifists)
Also believed that religious authority was found in soul, not church (inner light)
Who was the proprietor that established Pennsylvania?
William Penn (king didn’t know he was a quaker)
What was special about Pennsylvania?
Charter of Liberties granted freedom of worship to ANYONE
Lots of ethnic minorities (swedes and germans)
Alliances with Natives
All could vote? (not completely sure)
What sparked the Zenger Case?
The New York governor William Crosby deposed Lewis Morris from the Supreme Court → Lewis went to John Peter Zenger → they started a newspaper to ridicule and defame Crosby
How did the Zenger Case end?
Crosby sues Lewis and Zenger for defamation, but he loses and freedom of speech/freedom of the press is established for the first time
What made North Carolina different from South Carolina?
The north lacked a deep inland river for transportation and trade, did not have a big port, also bad soil quality
South had all these things (Port Charleston)
Why did the Carolinas drift apart?
Their economies were very different so eventually they ended up with 2 separate governments and constitutions
Who was the proprietor of Georgia?
James Oglethorpe
Why was Georgia’s location geographically important to the colonies?
Served as a defensive buffer from Natives in Florida (Seminoles?)
Why dud Georgia almost fail as a colony?
Oglethorpe banned things like rum and slavery and it did not have an assembly, which made people unhappy
(these were reversed later on when Oglethorpe gave back his charter)
What was arminianism in the colonies?
Young people focused more on making money and having decent lives than faith and religion, they believed they could control their own fate
What caused the Great Awakening?
A very strong backlash to arminianism where people started preaching very strongly about sinning and salvation
Who wrote “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?
John Edwards
Who’s powerful preaching helped spread the Great Awakening all over the colonies?
George Whitefield
What was the impact of the Great Awakening on churches?
Churches double → some embrace the Great Awakening and some dont → new vs old lights
Why was the Great Awakening important?
First event to truly impact all of America, also people started challenging ministers
Who was John Locke?
Famous English philosopher who influenced government with his ideas about freedoms, natural rights, and limited representation
Who was Adam Smite?
Famous Scottish economist who wrote “The Wealth of Nations” and described the world as mercantilist while promoting capitalism and the free market
Who was Montesquieu?
Famous French philosopher who wrote “The Spirit of Laws” and introduces the ideas of power separation, constitutions, and civil liberties
Why did James II try to make the Dominion of New England?
He wanted to take away some of the colonists power by placing his own royal governor (Edmund Andros) to control New England
What was the impact of the Dominion of New England?
It failed and showed that England could not directly control the colonies
The relationship between England and the colonies was?
Largely economic and went through the Board of Trade
What is Mercantilism?
When the government is used to control the economy through laws in order to increase a country’s overall wealth
What were the 5 practices of mercantilism?
A nation’s wealth was based off its gold and silver
Sell more than you buy, export more than you import
Promote manufacturing and not simply exporting raw materials
Promote shipping to profit as middlemen
Plant colonies to get more raw materials
What were the Navigation Acts?
Laws that prevented the colonies from directly trading with others by forcing most products to first go through England (mainly targetted Dutch)
What were Enumeration Articles?
Valuable goods that could not be traded outside the English Empire (ex. dyes and spices)
What was salutary neglect?
When the English would purposely ignore smuggled goods since it benefited them both
How did this economic relationship change?
The colonists soon wanted to stop England from taking a cut of their profits and started manufacturing on their own, the English also stopped salutary neglect
What made the French colonies different?
They came later
There were fewer colonists than English
They had the best relationships with Natives
They mainly hunted and did not set up many permanent settlements
Came down the interior river systems and ended up in the midwest and away from colonies
What started the French and Indian War?
Territory disputes in the Ohio Valley by the French and English
What did the French do to fight against the English?
They built a lot of forts in the area (Fort Duquesne)
Note
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