Unit 5: Rocks and Minerals

what sedimentary rock is made up of

gravel, sand, silt, clay

most common minerals on earth

quartz and feldspar

most common mineral group

silicates

physical properties used to identify a mineral

color, crystal shape, luster, hardness, streak, fracture vs. cleavage

special properties used to identify a mineral

fluorescence, magnetism, reaction to acid, taste, feel

Pyroclastic

relating to, consisting of, or indicating fragments of rock erupted by a volcano.

Solidification

the cooling of magma/lava into igneous rock

Oxygen and silicon

light materials found in crust

eight materials found in crust

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium

iron and nickel

heavy materials found in core

Streak

rub a rock on a ceramic streak plate because all samples of a mineral type will reveal the same color

Pahoehoe

a type of igneous rock that forms when basaltic lava cools into ropy wrinkled cloth like masses because it was hotter than a’a

a’a

a type of igneous rock that forms when basaltic lava colls with a rough, broken surface because it wasn’t as hot as pahoehoe

Erosion

how sediments are formed

Luster

how a mineral reflects surface like, usually as metallic or non metallic, but also as vitreous, pearly, greasy, silky, dull

Precipitation

a way that minerals form from a solution of water, often by evaporation of water

Magma

a way minerals form, as it cools atoms slow down and build solid minerals that then form rocks

Foliation

a banded pattern, caused by extreme pressure squeezing the minerals into a parallel alignment

Mantle

solid but has plasticity, upper and lower are between core and crust, has convection currents, primarily peridotite

mantle’s % of earth’s volume

85%

Burial

second step of making sedimentary rock, putting more material on top of it

Fracture

when minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces

Rock

a naturally-occurring solid object made up of one or more minerals (aggregate) and can also be made of non-mineral material like shells, small pieces of other older rocks, or a disorganized mass of elements

Carbonates

mineral that contains CO3 bonded to other elements, reacts to hydrochloric acid

Metamorphic

type of rock that started out as a different type of rock but was exposed to high heat, high pressure, and/or hot mineral-rich fluids and changed, may have foliation

Cementation

last step to make sedimentary rock, cementing it all together with minerals grown between the sediments

Sedimentary

type of rock with layers and reacts with acid

Cleavage

tendency of a mineral to break along flat planes of weakness

Hardness

scratchability or resistance to being scratched

Moh’s Hardness Scale

a scale of 1 to 10 that minerals are ranked on by hardness

Sediments

solid material made of rocks and minerals, as well as the remains of plants and animals that is moved and deposited in a new location

Heat & Pressure

existing minerals will change deep in the earth at tectonic plates to form new minerals without melting

Silicates

mineral with silicon and oxygen, 96% of all minerals

Compaction

third step to make sedimentary rock, squeezing the pile of sediment under a lot of pressure

Igneous

rocks that formed from magma that have intergrown individual mineral crystals OR glassy texture

Native Elements

minerals made up of a single element

Compound

mineral made up of two or more elements

Impurity

foreign material, such as elemental additions, within a mineral's structure that are not part of its integral structure and are often responsible for color changes

Outer Core

liquid, second inner most layer, Fe + Ni alloy

core’s % of earth’s volume

14%

why we know makeup of core

meteorites

Crust

thin, solid, brittle, outermost layer of earth, continental is least dense layer

material in continental crust

granite, mostly SiO2

material in oceanic crust

basalt, less SiO2

denser crust type

oceanic

Inner Core

solid, innermost layer of earth, extremely dense, primarily a Fe + Ni alloy

Oxides

mineral made of oxygen and metal

Deposition

first step to make sedimentary rock, putting the sediment down somewhere\`

Inorganic

not consisting of or deriving from a living matter

Element

things that cannot be broken down further

Sulfides

mineral that contains sulfur and metal

Weathering

the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth

layers of the earth in order from in to out

inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, oceanic/continental crust

the thicker type of crust

continental

the thinner type of crust

oceanic

layer(s) of earth that has convection currents

mantle

only liquid layer of earth

outer core

densest layer of earth

inner core

layers of earth that make up the lithosphere

oceanic and continental crust and upper mantle

layers of earth that make up the asthenosphere

lower mantle

5 part definition of minerals

solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, definite chemical composition, atoms arranged in orderly pattern

5 major mineral groups

silicates, native elements, carbonates, oxides, sulfides

3 ways minerals form

precipitation, magma, heat + pressure

4 steps to make sedimentary rock

deposition, burial, compaction, cementation

where lighter metals are found

closer to surface

where heavier metals are found

closer to core

what igneous rock never has

fossils or foliation

what sedimentary rock never has

foliation

what metamorphic rock never has

bedding planes

bedding planes

thin layers of different rocks representing different deposited layers

metamorphism

heat and/or pressure

what comes before weathering and erosion

uplift

the thinnest layer of earth

crust

the thickest layer of earth

mantle

order of thickness of earth layers from least to greatest

crust, inner core, outer core, mantle

hardness of fingernail

2\.5

hardness of steel nail

6\.5

hardness of glass plate

5\.5