Studied by 137 people
what sedimentary rock is made up of
gravel, sand, silt, clay
most common minerals on earth
quartz and feldspar
most common mineral group
silicates
physical properties used to identify a mineral
color, crystal shape, luster, hardness, streak, fracture vs. cleavage
special properties used to identify a mineral
fluorescence, magnetism, reaction to acid, taste, feel
Pyroclastic
relating to, consisting of, or indicating fragments of rock erupted by a volcano.
Solidification
the cooling of magma/lava into igneous rock
Oxygen and silicon
light materials found in crust
eight materials found in crust
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
iron and nickel
heavy materials found in core
Streak
rub a rock on a ceramic streak plate because all samples of a mineral type will reveal the same color
Pahoehoe
a type of igneous rock that forms when basaltic lava cools into ropy wrinkled cloth like masses because it was hotter than a’a
a’a
a type of igneous rock that forms when basaltic lava colls with a rough, broken surface because it wasn’t as hot as pahoehoe
Erosion
how sediments are formed
Luster
how a mineral reflects surface like, usually as metallic or non metallic, but also as vitreous, pearly, greasy, silky, dull
Precipitation
a way that minerals form from a solution of water, often by evaporation of water
Magma
a way minerals form, as it cools atoms slow down and build solid minerals that then form rocks
Foliation
a banded pattern, caused by extreme pressure squeezing the minerals into a parallel alignment
Mantle
solid but has plasticity, upper and lower are between core and crust, has convection currents, primarily peridotite
mantle’s % of earth’s volume
85%
Burial
second step of making sedimentary rock, putting more material on top of it
Fracture
when minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces
Rock
a naturally-occurring solid object made up of one or more minerals (aggregate) and can also be made of non-mineral material like shells, small pieces of other older rocks, or a disorganized mass of elements
Carbonates
mineral that contains CO3 bonded to other elements, reacts to hydrochloric acid
Metamorphic
type of rock that started out as a different type of rock but was exposed to high heat, high pressure, and/or hot mineral-rich fluids and changed, may have foliation
Cementation
last step to make sedimentary rock, cementing it all together with minerals grown between the sediments
Sedimentary
type of rock with layers and reacts with acid
Cleavage
tendency of a mineral to break along flat planes of weakness
Hardness
scratchability or resistance to being scratched
Moh’s Hardness Scale
a scale of 1 to 10 that minerals are ranked on by hardness
Sediments
solid material made of rocks and minerals, as well as the remains of plants and animals that is moved and deposited in a new location
Heat & Pressure
existing minerals will change deep in the earth at tectonic plates to form new minerals without melting
Silicates
mineral with silicon and oxygen, 96% of all minerals
Compaction
third step to make sedimentary rock, squeezing the pile of sediment under a lot of pressure
Igneous
rocks that formed from magma that have intergrown individual mineral crystals OR glassy texture
Native Elements
minerals made up of a single element
Compound
mineral made up of two or more elements
Impurity
foreign material, such as elemental additions, within a mineral's structure that are not part of its integral structure and are often responsible for color changes
Outer Core
liquid, second inner most layer, Fe + Ni alloy
core’s % of earth’s volume
14%
why we know makeup of core
meteorites
Crust
thin, solid, brittle, outermost layer of earth, continental is least dense layer
material in continental crust
granite, mostly SiO2
material in oceanic crust
basalt, less SiO2
denser crust type
oceanic
Inner Core
solid, innermost layer of earth, extremely dense, primarily a Fe + Ni alloy
Oxides
mineral made of oxygen and metal
Deposition
first step to make sedimentary rock, putting the sediment down somewhere`
Inorganic
not consisting of or deriving from a living matter
Element
things that cannot be broken down further
Sulfides
mineral that contains sulfur and metal
Weathering
the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth
layers of the earth in order from in to out
inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, oceanic/continental crust
the thicker type of crust
continental
the thinner type of crust
oceanic
layer(s) of earth that has convection currents
mantle
only liquid layer of earth
outer core
densest layer of earth
inner core
layers of earth that make up the lithosphere
oceanic and continental crust and upper mantle
layers of earth that make up the asthenosphere
lower mantle
5 part definition of minerals
solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, definite chemical composition, atoms arranged in orderly pattern
5 major mineral groups
silicates, native elements, carbonates, oxides, sulfides
3 ways minerals form
precipitation, magma, heat + pressure
4 steps to make sedimentary rock
deposition, burial, compaction, cementation
where lighter metals are found
closer to surface
where heavier metals are found
closer to core
what igneous rock never has
fossils or foliation
what sedimentary rock never has
foliation
what metamorphic rock never has
bedding planes
bedding planes
thin layers of different rocks representing different deposited layers
metamorphism
heat and/or pressure
what comes before weathering and erosion
uplift
the thinnest layer of earth
crust
the thickest layer of earth
mantle
order of thickness of earth layers from least to greatest
crust, inner core, outer core, mantle
hardness of fingernail
2.5
hardness of steel nail
6.5
hardness of glass plate
5.5
