Pharmacognosy 3 - Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

__ can be a polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones

Glucose

it is an example of a polyhydroxyaldehydes

Fructose

it is an example of a polyhydroxyketones

Dextrose

D-Glucose is also known as _

Levulose

L-Fructose is also known as _

Dioses

Hydroxyacetaldehyde is an example of __

Trioses

Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone are an example of

Tetroses

Erythrose and Erythrulose are an example of

Pentoses

Arabinose such as Xylose, Xylulose, Ribose, Ribulose are example of

Hexoses

They are the most important monosaccharides

• ex. glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

Heptoses

Heptulose is an example of

Octoses

D-glycero-D-Mannuctulose is an example of

Nonoses

Sialic acid is an example of __

• Blood Sugar,

• Grape Sugar,

• Physiologic Sugar

Glucose other names:

Glucose

MOST ABUNDANT sugar in the Blood

• Source of Nutrient

• Sweetening agent

uses of Glucose and Fructose are:

known as Fruit Suga

Levulose

sweetest sugar

Galactose

Reacts with HNO3 to form Mucic Acid Crystals

C4

Galactose is a ___ epimer of D-Glucose

C2

Mannose is a ___ epimer of D-Glucose

Mucic Test

A test to see the presence of Mucic Acid Crystals

Seliwanoff’s Test

A test to differentiate ketose from aldose

HCl & Resorcinol

reagent used in Seliwanoff’s Test

Ketose

In Seliwanoff’s Test:

If the solution turns into cherry red, the monosaccharide is a __

Aldose

In Seliwanoff’s Test:

If the solution turns into pink, the monosaccharide is a __

Plant Acids

1. Citric Acid

2. Tartaric Acid

3. Fumaric acid + Ferrous,

4. Malic Acid

The products of oxidation when Glucose is oxidized

Scheele

Citric Acid is isolated by

Lemon Juice

Citric Acid is isolated from

Tartaric Acid

A plant acid that is a byproduct of wine industry

1. Tartaric Acid

2. Citric Acid

These two plants acids are important as an acidulant in the making of effervescent formulation

Crumble or Dry

When creating an effervescent formulation, tartaric and citric acids are essential. The product will ___ if the formulation contains ONLY tartaric acid.

Sticky

When creating an effervescent formulation, tartaric and citric acids are essential. The product will get___ if the formulation contains ONLY Citric Acid

Lactic Acid

acidulant in infant feeding formula

Ferrous Fumarate

• Fumaric Acid + Ferrous =

  • Use as a Hematinic

Malic Acid

• Use as a flavorant

  • Isolated from Cherry Juice

Sorbitol

• D-Glucitol is also known as

• Isolated from Berries of Mountain Ash

• Use as a Humectant in toothpaste and chewing gums

D-Glucitol

The products of reduction when Glucose is reduced

Mannitol

The products of reduction when Mannose is reduced

Mannitol

• Isolated from Manna Ash

• Use: Osmotic Diuretic & Osmotic Cathartic

• Diluent in Chewable Tablets

Citrus limon, RUTACEAE

Scientific Name & Family Name of Lemon Juice

Prunus Cerasus, ROSACEAE

Scientific Name & Family Name of Cherry Juice

Sorbus Aucuparia, ROSACEAE

Scientific Name & Family Name of Mountain Ash

Fraxinus Ornus, Oleaceae

Scientific Name & Family Name of Manna Ash

Bial’s Test

Orcinol + Pentoses = BLUE

What test is this?

Tauber’s Test

Benzidine + Pentose = CHERRY RED

What test is this?

Tollen’s Test

Phoroglucinol + Pentose =  RED

Disaccharides

Formed by dehydration reaction

Sucrose

Alpha 1,2 glycosidic bonds link glucose and fructose to create __

Maltose

Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds link glucose and glucose to create __

Lactose

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds link glucose and galactose to create __

Table Sugar

Sucrose is also known as _

• Sugar Cane

• Sugar Beets

• Sugar Maple

Sources of Sucrose:

• Demulcent

• Preservative

• Sweetening agent

• Manufacture of syrups

Uses of Sucrose:

Malt Sugar

Maltose is also known as a

Maltose

• Partial breakdown of starch

• germination of Barley

• ingredient of energy drink

Milk Sugar

Lactose is also known as

Buttermilk

Supernatant Liquid

Skimmed milk

Milk left after the separation of cream

Cream

Fat globules rise on top is known as

Butter

Cream is churned to form

Renin

milk coagulating enzyme from the stomach of mammals

Coagulum

Upper Layer that is use to make Cheese

Whey

Lower Layer: _____________--> part of milk where Lactose is isolated.

Lactulose

• a semi-synthetic disaccharide (Fructose & Galactose)

• Produced by the alkaline rearrangement of Lactose

• Tablet Diluent (Chewable Tablet)

• Ing. of Infant’s Milk

Use of Lactose:

• LICAC

• DUPHOLAC

• MOVELAX

common Brand Names of Lactulose

• Cathartic

• Prevent PSE (Portal Systemic Encephalopathy

Uses of Lactulose

Cellobiose

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds link glucose and glucose to create __

Trehalose

Alpha 1,1 glycosidic bonds link glucose and galactose to create __

Cupric Sulfate

Reagent used in Fehling’s Test & Benedict’s Test

Rochelle Salt (NaK Tartrate)

Sequesterant used in Fehling’s Test

Brick Red

Positive result of Fehling’s Test

Na Carbonate

Sequesterant used in Benedict’s Test

Silver Nitrate

Reagent used in Tollen’s Silver Mirror Test

Colorless → Silver Mirror

Positive result of Tollen’s Silver Mirror Test

Cupric Sulfate

Reagent used in Barfoed’s Test

Barfoed’s Test

use to differentiate monosaccharides and disaccharides

Reducing Disaccharides

the ____ require a longer reaction time of roughly more than 10 minutes to see the precipitate

Reducing Monosaccharides

the ____ require a reaction time of roughly 2-3 minutes to see the precipitate

Saccharum officinarum, POACEAE

Scientific Name & Family Name of Sugar Cane

Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae

Scientific Name & Family Name of Sugar Beets

Acer Saccharum, Aceraceae

Scientific Name & Family Name of Sugar Maple

Hordeum vulgare, POACEAE

Scientific Name & Family Name of Barley