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Environmental Science
Earth Systems and Resources
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53 Terms
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1
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What is a mineral?
naturally, occuring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition
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What are the tests of a mineral properties?
Streak, color, luster, crystal shape/habit, mineral strength, cleavage, fracture, density,
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luster
quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
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streak
color of mineral in powdered form
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habit
shape of crystal
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hardness
the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale
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cleavage
the state of being split or cleft
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fracture
any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement
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density
the amount per unit size
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silicate minerals
four oxygen ions
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feldspar
any of a group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium
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what is quartz?
common silicate mineral
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dark silicate minerals
contain ions of iron and magnesium/dark
14
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what is confining pressure
pressure applied equally on all surfaces
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what is differential stress
difference between the greatest and least compressive stress
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difference between confining pressure and differential stress
conf.-forces in different directions/diff.-forces applied equally
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divergent plate boundaries?
plates move apart
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convergent plate boundary
two plates move together
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oceanic convergence
when two oceanic slabs converge, one descends beneath the other, volcanic activity
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volcanic island arc
arc shaped chain of volcanic islands
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continental convergence
one landmass moves toward the other bc of subduction of seafloor
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continental drift
the gradual movement and formation of continents
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plate tectonic theory
earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby create formations
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elastic rebound theory
accumulation and release of stress and strain, causing a shake due to elasticity
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what are the types of lava
basaltic, rhyolitic, aa, pahoehoe, pillow
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basaltic lava
made from mafic/fluid, very fast
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rhylotitic lava
felsic/slow
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aa flow
rough jagged lava chunks
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pahoehoe
freely flowing lava
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how does pahoehoe turn into aa?
gas bubbles in the lava pop and turn into spikes, molten interior advances and outer crust is broken
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pyroclastic flow
chaotic mix of rock, gas, and ash
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dip slip faults
primarily parallel to the slope
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normal fault
an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall
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reverse faults
dip slip faults in which the hanging block moves up relative to the footwall block
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thrust fault
a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression
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strike slip fault
dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault surface
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epicenter
the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
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foreshock
a tremor preceding an earthquake
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aftershock
a tremor occurring after the main shock of an earthquake
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karst topography
a landscape with numerous caves and sinkholes and underground steams
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water table
underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water
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porosity
the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids
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aquitard
semipervious nature that transmits water slower than an aquitard
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aquifer
underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc
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stalactite
a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a limestone cave
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stalagmite
a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting upward from the floor of a limestone cave
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spring
occurs when water pressure causes a natural flow of groundwater onto the earth's surface
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shield volcano
shape of a broad, slightly domed structure that ressembles a warrior's shield
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cinder cones
ejected lava fragments that begin to harden in flight to produce scoria, rock.
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composite volcanoes
pitersque, yet dangerous. composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material
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composite volcano shape
conical shape
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cinder cone shape
steep sided, deep craters
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cinder cone eruption
short lived, magma plumbs connecting vent to magma source solidifying
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