Geological Hazards and Their Warning Signs

Geological Hazards

Natural phenomena causing significant global problems.

Landslide

Ground movement on sloping terrain due to gravity.

Soil Creep Landslide

Very slow downslope movement of weathered particles.

Slumping Landslide

Downward movement of rock debris from slope removal.

Debris Flow Landslide

Saturated slope triggers water-soaked mass movement.

Rock Fall Landslide

Sudden slide caused by heavy rain loosening rocks.

Sinkhole

Topographic depression from groundwater dissolving limestone.

Cover Collapse Sinkhole

Sudden development causing catastrophic damage.

Cover Subsidence Sinkhole

Gradual growth in permeable sediment areas.

Dissolution Sinkhole

Occurs where calcareous rock is exposed.

Artificial Sinkhole

Caused by human activities like groundwater pumping.

Landslide Warning Signs

Indicators predicting potential landslide occurrences.

Earlier Landslide Indicator

Frequent landslides suggest weak, unstable geology.

Tension Cracks

Cracks from stress in moving geologic materials.

Things Moving

Non-human caused deformation signals possible landslide.

Water Changes

Altered water flow indicates potential landslide risks.

Sinkhole Warning Signs

Indicators predicting potential sinkhole formation.

Tilting Trees

Trees leaning signals possible sinkhole activity.

Slanting Foundations

Foundations tilting indicate ground instability.

New Ponds

Unexpected ponds after rain suggest sinkhole risk.

Ground Cracks

Cracks in the ground indicate potential sinkholes.

Sudden Drainage

Rapid pond drainage signals possible sinkhole formation.

Depressions in Yard

New dips or slopes indicate ground instability.

Dead Vegetation

Wilting plants suggest underlying ground issues.

Neighborhood Sinkholes

Nearby sinkholes indicate regional geological instability.

Discolored Well Water

Contaminated water signals possible sinkhole activity.

Concrete Slab Cracking

Cracks in slabs indicate structural ground issues.

Geological Map

Map showing geological features and rock units.

Geological Map Features

Includes faults, tilts, folds, and rock layers.

Geological Map Parts

Includes legend, interpretation, title, susceptibility, sources.

Geological Map Symbols

Colors and lines represent geological information.

Hydrometeorological Hazards

Hazards from extreme meteorological and climate events.

Temperature Measurement Tools

Instruments for measuring atmospheric temperature.

Thermometer

Measures the hotness or coldness of substances.

Thermograph

Records air temperature continuously on graph paper.

Mercurial Barometer

Measures atmospheric pressure using mercury column.

Aneroid Barometer

Pressure-sensitive sealed box expands or contracts.

Barograph

Records barometric pressure over time graphically.

Relative Humidity Measurement

Tools for measuring atmospheric moisture content.

Sling Psychrometer

Dry and wet-bulb thermometer for humidity measurement.

Hygrometer

Uses organic material to measure humidity changes.

Precipitation Measurement Tools

Instruments for measuring rainfall amounts.

8-inch Rain Gauge

Collects rain in a cylindrical measuring tube.

Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

Measures rainfall by tipping small buckets.

Cloud Monitoring Tools

Instruments for assessing cloud conditions.

Ceiling Light Projector

Projects light beam to determine cloud height.

Ceiling Balloon

Meteorological balloon used to measure cloud base.

Pilot Balloon

Weather balloon used for atmospheric measurements.

Radiosonde

Airborne instrument measuring temperature and humidity.

Rawindsonde

Electronic tool for determining wind speed and direction.

Wind Finding Radar

Determines wind speed and direction using radar.

Weather Surveillance Radar

Tracks typhoons and cloud masses up to 400 km.