AP World History Modern - Unit 9 Review

communication, transportation

(std #1) new modes of ___---including radio, cellular, and the Internet---as well as ___, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance

energy

(std #2) ___ technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods

birth control

(std #3) more effective forms of ___ ___ gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world

medical innovations

(std #4) ___ ___, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives

poverty

(std #5) diseases associated with ___ persisted (malaria, tuberculosis, cholera)

new epidemics

(std #6) other diseases emerged as ___ ___ and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. these outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances (1918 influenza pandemic, ebola, HIV/AIDS)

higher incidence

(std #7) some diseases occurred at ___ ___ merely because of increased longevity (heart disease, alzheimer's disease)

least developed nations

(std #8) nations with high levels of poverty, low standards of living (health, literacy, etc.), and economic instability

explosive

(std #9) ___ population growth
- better medical care
- increased food supplies

pressure

(std #9) population growth puts ___ on developing nations
- need food, housing, education, jobs, & medical care

limit

(std #9) Nations tried to ___ population growth
- China created the "One-Child" policy
- But farming societies value children as labor
- But religion/tradition encourage large families
- But parents need care in old age

green revolution

(std #10) increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture

Norman Borlaug

(std #10) US agricultural geneticist
- Developed wheat varieties (Semi-dwarf, High-yield, Disease resistant)
- Credited with saving over 1 billion people from starvation
- Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

Other Agricultural Advances

(std #10)
- Irrigation and Machinery
- Chemicals
- Hybrid/Genetically Modified Seeds (Has Vitamin A in it, 600,000 kids under 5 die every year because of Vitamin A deficiency)

Pros of green revolution

(std #10)
- Allowed us to produce more food
- Creates cheaper prices for food
- Protects the environment

Cons of green revolution

(std #10)
- Requires fertilizers
- Furthers resistance in plants to disease and pest
- Caused erosion and pollution
- Loss of genetic diversity
- Excessive irrigation

human activity

(std #11) As ___ ___ contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world's supply of freshwater, humans compete over these and other resources more intensely than ever before

climate change

(std #12) The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of ___ ___

causes of climate change

(std #12) Industrialization - Increases pollution and Uses more resources
Globalization - increases transportation & emissions
Population Growth - Increased agriculture and energy use
Urbanization

effects of climate change

(std #12) Competition - oil and Fresh Water (only 3% is usable)
Climate Change - Carbon Dioxide emissions, Greenhouse gases, Melting ice caps
International Agreements - "Global Problems need Global Solutions"

Kyoto Protocol

(std #12) international agreement to decrease global emissions

Paris Agreement

(std #12) international agreement to slow the increase of global temperature

global integration

(std #13) Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of ___ ___

Professor Wangari Maathai

(std #13)
- Green Belt Movement in Kenya
- Organized women, resisted deforestation, planted millions of trees
- Environmentalist, women's rights, democracy
- 2004 Nobel Peace Prize (1st African Women, 1st Environmentalist)

free market

(std #14) In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged ___-___ economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.
Examples:
Deng Xiaoping -> China
Margaret Thatcher -> UK
Ronald Reagan -> US

Reaganomics

(std #14) Four Pillars of ___
- to reduce the growth of government spending
- reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax
- reduce government regulation
- tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation
increased free-market policies by supporting less government involvement/regulation on economic matters

economic liberalization

(std #14) lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities

pros of reaganomics

(std #14) Tax cuts, Won Cold War

cons of reaganomics

(std #14) Cut food stamps and other programs for poor people, Huge debt

knowledge economies

(std #15) In the late 20th century, a revolution in information and communications technology led to the growth of ___ ___ in some regions (Finland, Japan, and the US), while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia (Vietnam & Bangladesh) and Latin America (Mexico and Honduras)

spread

(std #16) Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the ___ of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

Economic institutions

(std #16) World Trade Organization (WTO)

Regional Trade Agreements

(std #16) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
European Union (EU)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Multinational corporations

(std #16) Nestle
Nissan
Mahindra and Mahindra (Mahindra Group)

responses

(std #17) Various groups had different ___ to increasing globalization
A) Anti-IMF & Anti-World Bank activism
B) Locally developed social media (Weibo in China)
C) World Fair Trade Organization - movements protested the inequality of global trade

Rights

(std #18) things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are granted

human rights

(std #18) the rights you have simply because you are a human

30

(std #18) __ human rights - Universal Declaration of HR (optional)

Cyrus the Great

(std #18) Freed slaves
Freedom to choose (all) -> human rights born
Spread to Greece, India, and Rome
Noticed people naturally follow certain laws (natural law -> natural rights -> human rights)
Those in power abused this

assumptions

(std #18) Rights-based discussions challenged old ___ about race, class, gender, and religion

protect

(std #19) The U.N. Declaration of Human Rights sought to ___ the rights of children, women, and refugees.

equality

(std #20) women in U.S., china, and S.U. gained greater ___ w/ men by advocating a nonbiological, culturally defined understanding of gender

WW2

(std #20) women gained more economic, political, social, and sexual rights after ___

employment

(std #20) agitation for gender equality is often linked to women's access to ___

freedom

(std #20) birth control pill in 60s and legal protection of abortion in 70s provided sexual ___

ensure

(std #20) some socialist or communist states transformed their legal systems to ___ basic equality

education

(std #20) women in other areas of the world have been denied ___

liberation theology

(std #21) challenged old ideas about class & religion; synthesis (blending) of Marxist socio-economic ideas and Christian theology
- Political liberation for oppressed peoples
- Social concern for the poor

El Salvador

(std #21) Freedom from Spain, then dictators
Elites were prosperous
Cash Crop = Coffee
1932 Peasant rebellion was crushed
1979-1992 = civil war
Military (w/ US) vs. FMLN (umbrella organization for 5 rebel groups)
Cold War -> proxy war: the US vs Communist Rebels

catholic church

(std #21) Clergy sided with the poor

bishop oscar romero

(std #21) Called for an end to the violence
Assassinated during Mass
Accused of being "Christian Socialist"
Canonized October 2018

inclusive

(std #22) In much of the world, access to education and participation in new political and professional roles became more ___ in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
examples:
- Women got the right to vote in the US in 1920
- female literacy increased in most parts of the world
- End of apartheid in South Africa
- caste reservation in India

US Civil Rights Act of 1965

(std #23) law by President Lyndon B. Johnson
- aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote

Selma to Montgomery March

(std #23)
- 15th Amendment (1870) = prohibited states from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
- March 7th, 1965 - peaceful protestors were attacked by state troopers

literacy tests

(std #23)
- Black people attempting to vote got told it was the wrong date, filled out an application wrong, or had insufficient literacy skills
- Black people = suffered high rates of illiteracy due to years of oppression and poverty (causing failing of literacy tests)

24th Amendment (1964)

(std #23) made poll taxes illegal in federal elections

globalization

(std #24) ___ increased the flow of trade, people, technology, culture, and ideas among countries

multinational corporations

(std #24) today, globalization is most associated w/ international trade and ___ ___ (powerful companies that operate in many countries), advances in technology and communication, and increased cultural diffusion

arts

(std #24) political and social change caused changes in the ___; pop culture and consumer culture became global

influence

(std #24) arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the ___ of a globalized society
- music: reggae, k-pop
- film: bollywood
- social media: facebook, tiktok
- television: BBC
- sports: world cup soccer, olympics

global consumerism

(std #24) consumer culture transcends national borders
- online commerce: alibaba, ebay
- global brands: toyota, coca-cola

1990

(std #24) globalization has been around for centuries but has been rapidly increasing since ___

increased

(std #24) globalization has ___ due to lowered trade barriers, new trade organizations, and communication; OPEC, UN, WTO, ASEAN, NAFTA, EU

positives of globalization

(std #24)
- increased trade gives people more goods and services
- companies lower costs and prices by buying materials and hiring workers from other countries
- creates jobs and raises standard of living
- globalization increases access to medicine and technology

negatives of globalization

(std #24)
- globalization increases the gap between the developed nations and developing nations
- outsourcing leads to low-paying jobs in developing nations
- globalization increases spread of western culture and resentment among non-western nations
- globalization increases environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources