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Incas
built an intricate network of roads that stretched for miles and miles as a result of the mountain terrain they lived in
Mayans
known for their accurate calendars
The Aztecs
known for their big cities
Ferdinand and Isabella
king and queen of Spain that sponsored Columbus, formed the most powerful matrimony in Europe at the time
The Conquistadores
age known for its brutality and greed that conquered most of the natives that were already living in the Americas
Hernando Cortes
a conquistador that destroyed the Aztec nation because he spread disease as well as physically killing them
The Ordinances of Discovery
issued in 1573 and banned all of the brutal treatment against natives, marked the beginning of Spanish colonization, motivations of this were to become wealthy and spread the word of the God
St. Augustine
the first European settlement in America
The Pueblo Revolt
native uprising against the Spanish in Santa Fe because they were forced to become Christian
The Columbian Exchange
the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the east and west hemisphere
Christopher Columbus
first European to make contact with the new world in the Caribbean, when he returned there were rumors of wealth that spread across Europe
smallpox
transferred in the Columbian Exchange and exterminated many natives because they weren’t immune to it
Mestizos
mixed race between Spaniards and natives
Casta System
categorized people based on race
Spaniards
Mestizos
African Slaves
Native Americans
The Enclosure Movement
kicking farmers off their land and using it to raise sheep and cattle because the wool market was very popular at the time
Mercantilism
stated that wealth was limited and the more gold a country had, the more wealthy it was, economic principle in the 1500’s and 1600’s
Richard Hakluyt
argued that European colonization was good because England will get raw materials to produce goods, gonna create all these new markets to sell the goods, can get rid of the excess population (poor people) that’s dragging England down
Plantation Model
England used this tactic in Ireland by creating their own mini-colony and trying to keep natives out of their land by subjugating them
The French in North America
different from other nations because they were able to befriend the Native Americans
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
gave England more confidence to settle in the New World
Jamestown
the first permanent English settlement in North America located in east Virginia in 1607
Captain John Smith
brought order to the colonies and organized raids against Native American villages
The Starving Time
many people died because of starvation, disease, violence, drought, and lack of water in the winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown
Tobacco
the first cash crop of the Americas
Indentured Servitude
a labor contract where an individual will work to repay an indenture or loan over some time, tried to convince people to come over to the new world
House of Burgesses
the first meeting of government in America, held by Virginia in 1619
Bacon’s Rebellion
People on the west side (farmers and former indentured servants) were getting attacked by NA’s and wanted the government to help, government didn’t want to help so leader rose up and led a rebellion to overthrow the government, caused an increase of African slave trade because they wanted servants that weren’t a threat to them
Mayflower Compact
an agreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony, set up a patriarchal society with the men in charge
William Bradford
governor and leader of Plymouth
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans who escaped England in order to pursue their own religion, sent 1000 families which made it easier for the colonies to repopulate
Thomas Hooker
established the Connecticut, adopted a constitution called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
considered to be the first written constitution of a democratic government, used by Thomas Hooker
Roger Williams
created Rhode Island, called for the separation of church and state
Anne Hutchinson
considered to be the first feminist in America, challenged male authority by preaching to men and women as well as questioning Puritan ideologies
Quakers
religious group of pacifists, led by William Penn who founded Pennsylvania, believed in gender equality and put major emphasis on education, had good relations with natives
Sugar
main British cash crop in the Caribbean, indirectly caused an increase in slave trade because indentured servants didn’t want to work in hot weather conditions
Navigation Acts
British response to the colonies trading with other nations and fundamentally going against mercantilism
closed colonial ports to any trade except English ships
All goods shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through Britain so they could be taxed
Because no one was obeying the Acts, England employed custom officers to enforce the acts
increased tensions between Britain and the colonies
The Dominion of New England
gave Britain more control over the colonies and placed Sir Edmund Andros as governor, he was unpopular and strict
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary replaced King James II as the head of Britain, removed the Dominion of New England and restored the colonial identity, implemented relaxed trading laws
Triangular Trade
trade routes between the colonies, Britain and Africa, helped to restore order in the colonies, facilitated the rise of colonial commerce
The Middle Passage
route from Africa to America, had some of the worst conditions on slave ships
Stono Rebellion
slave revolt in South Carolina where everyone who was involved was put to death, caused slaves to be perceived as barbaric and merciless
Salem Witch Trials
A series of trials, prosecutions and executions of innocent people accused of practicing witchcraft that took place in Colonial Massachusetts in 1692-1693
The First Great Awakening
a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies, tried to bring people back into the church, used tactics like scaring people back to the church
The Enlightenment
a movement to celebrate the recently discovered scientific discoveries, would use reason and not religion to better the world, believed in the power of man,
The Albany Plan
a plan to unite the colonies under a common defense against the Native Americans and French, however colonies rejected it
French and Indian War
minor war that was a part of the Seven Years War, established Britain as the European authority in North America, catalyzed the beginnings of an American identity, and set the stage for the American Revolution
Treaty of Paris of 1763
ended the French and Indian War, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies
Effects of the French and Indian War
increased the tensions between the colonies and the British Empire
Effects for Britain
greatly increased debt
thought colonies needed major reorganization
Effects for Colonies
united them against enemy for the first time
created socializing experience for those who participated
Proclamation of 1763
British response to colonial conflict with Natives in Ohio Valley, stated that colonists could not explore into land past the Appalachian Mountain Range
George Grenville’s Program
created to decrease the British debt and as a result passed the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Currency Act
Sugar Act of 1764
affected mostly merchants by taxing them on foreign rum, sugar, and molasses
Currency Act of 1764
prohibited all of the colonies from creating new currency and allowed current paper money to only be used for public debt.
Stamp Act of 1765
imposed a tax on all papers and official documents in the American colonies, affected everyone in the colonies not just a certain group of people
Virginia Resolves
written by Patrick Henry who declared that American colonists possess the same rights as all British citizens, and as such, have the right to be taxed only by their own representatives in response to the Stamp Act of 1765
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
American colonists who supported the patriot cause who facilitated the Boston Tea Party as well as Tar and feathering
Declaratory Act of 1766
passed by Parliament on the same day the Stamp Act was repealed, stated that Parliament could make laws binding the American colonies in all cases whatsoever
Quartering Act of 1765
A part of the Townshend Program, stated that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses
Townshend Act of 1767
created new taxes on imports of paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea on the colonists, the colonists responded to this with organized protests
Boston Massacre
occured on March 5, 1770, imports of paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea, caused the colonists to be furious, technically propaganda because it wasn’t really a massacre
Tea Act of 1773
granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the importation and sale of tea in the colonies, angered the colonists who planned to boycott it
Boston Tea Party
occured on December 16, 1773, dumped more than a million dollars worth of tea into the Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Act of 1773
Intolerable Acts of 1774
group of legislation that Parliament passed in response to the Boston Tea Party
Boston Port Bill - closed the Boston Harbor and taxed colonists in order to pay for lost tea
Massachusetts Government Act - gave more control to the crown
New Quartering Act - allowed British soldiers to be housed in private homes
Administration of Justice Act - ensured a fair trial for British officers who tried to stop colonial protests
First Continental Congress
made up of 55 delegate from 12 states, agreed to prepare an army and stop all trade with Britain
Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride
rode with William Dawes to warn the minutemen of the British who were planning to ambush them at dawn
Lexington and Concord
first military engagements in the Revolutionary War
Second Continental Congress
wanted complete independence and wrote the Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms which explained why the colonies needed to rise up, written by Thomas Jefferson and John Dickinson
Olive Branch Petition
last attempt at peace with Britain, however King George III refused to even look at it
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
pamphlet that made a clear case for independence and insisted that British rule was responsible for nearly every problem in colonial society and could only be fixed by colonial independence
Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson and signified that the colonies severed their political connections with Great Britain, summarized the colonial motivations for independence, signed on July 4, 1776
Articles of Confederation
First central government of America, but it was very weak
Battle of Saratoga
major turning point for the colonists in the Revolutionary War
Battle of Yorktown
last major battle in the War and where Britain surrendered
The Paradox of Slavery
America stood for freedom yet it had many slaves, Founding Fathers didn’t know what to do so they neglected the problem in the Constitution
Shay’s Rebellion
revolt in Massachusetts that put a spotlight on how weak the Articles of Confederation really were, catalyst fro the first Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention
meeting of state representatives to create a new central government, created a debate between large states and small states
Madison’s Virginia Plan - wanted representation based on population
Paterson’s New Jersey Plan - wanted equal representation for all states
The Great Compromise
created by Ben Franklin’s Great Committee and stated that there would be a lower house based on population (House of Representatives) and an upper house with equal representation, also stated that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
The Constitution
written by James Madison, stated that sovereignty goes to the people and prevented tyranny by having a checks and balances system
The Federalist Papers
written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, persuaded the public to support the Constitution
The Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the Constitution, created in order to appeal to the Anti-Federalists who were fearful of a strong government
Whiskey Rebellion
rebellion in PA where farmers were mad about a tax on grain, able to showcase the strength of the Constitution because George Washington personally stepped in to solve it
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned the US about sectionalism, political parties, and suggested that the US should practice isolationism
XYZ Affair
a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited war known as Quasi-War during John Adam’s presidency, created opposition from Anti-Federalists who criticized him for this
The Alien and Sedition Acts
discouraged immigration and allowed the government to persecute those who criticized them, basically an attack on Anti-Federalists
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution and stated that because the federal government had overstepped it’s boundaries they were null and void
Election of 1800
Adams v. Jefferson, considered to be one of the ugliest elections in history, Jefferson wins and is the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in history
The Judiciary Act of 1801
John Adams increased the number of federal judges so Federalists could still have one branch of government, he appointed judges and this was called the “Midnight Appointments”
Second Great Awakening
around the early 1800s, focused on people who were unchurched and reaching out to them, resulted in sustained religious beliefs, victimized radical “freethinkers”
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
greatly expanded the cotton industry, greatly increased slavery in the South, provided the North with a new way to prosper with the Textile Industry
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against himself and stated that the Courts had no power to expand their powers, created the idea of Judicial Review where courts could rules cases to be unconstitutional
John Marshall
Father of the Supreme Court
Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase
Jefferson tried to target the Federalist Court with impeachment but failed, solidified that impeachment could not be used as a political weapon
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
British soldiers used impressment to force American soldiers to be apart of their Navy, humiliated the US and is one of the causes of the War of 1812
The Embargo Act of 1807
prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports, intended to punish Britain and France however ended up damaging the American economy
Battle of New Orleans
occurred during the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson and gave him much fame for it, patriotic win for America even though the war was already declared over
War of 1812
America v. Britain, brought the US into the world’s stage, the White house was burned during this time, contributed to the end of the federalists, created neutrality between the two nations
Hartford Convention
meeting between Federalists to discuss the state of the nation because they didn’t approve of it, signified the end of the Federalists
Treaty of Ghent of 1814
ended the War of 1812, created the Rush Bagot Agreement of 1817
Rush Bagot Agreement of 1817
agreement between Britain and America that neither one could be on the Great Lakes
The Era of Good Feelings
period of time after the War of 1821 and ended in 1820, categorized by being known for being a happy period of time for America due to only one political party
