Chapter 1

The scientific study of psychological disorders

Psychopathology

M.D. degree in medical school, residency training for 3-4 years

Psychiatrist education

\* Investigate nature & causes of psychological disorders from biological POV

\* Make diagnoses

\* Offer treatments

What psychiatrists do

Ph.D degree, graduate-level study for 5 years

Clinical / counseling psychologists education

\* Study & treat issues by relatively healthy people

\* Research causes & treatment of psychological disorders

\* Diagnose, assess, treat disorders

What counseling psychologists do

\* Concentrate on more severe psychological disorders

\* Research causes & treatment of psychological disorders

\* Diagnose, assess, treat disorders

What clinical psychologists do

Master’s degree

Psychiatric social workers education

\* Collect info relevant to social & family situation to indv w/ disorder

\* Treat disorders, concentrate on family problems

What psychiatric social workers do

Why the person decided to come into the clinic

Presenting problem

How many people in the population have the disorder

Prevalence

How many new cases occur during a given period of time

Incidence

Tend to last a long time/lifetime

Chronic course

Recover, and suffer a recurrence at a later time

Episodic course

Begin suddenly

Acute onset

Develop gradually over an extended period

Insidious onset

Study of origins

Etiology

The anticipated course of the disorder

Prognosis

When confronted with unexplainable behavior, people perceived evil

Supernatural tradition

Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th, what was the cause of “madness” attributed to?

Demons and witches

A religious ritual used to rid the victim of evil spirits

Exorcism

PDs could be treated like any other disease, are located in the brain, and can be influenced by genetics & stress

How Hippocrates viewed MI

PDs caused by excess humors in the brain

How Galen viewed MI

Carefully measured amount of blood removed via leeches

Bloodletting

What did Hippocrates and the Egyptians believe was the cause of “hysteria” in women?

Wandering uterus

The psychotic disorder *general paresis* was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes which disorder?

Syphilis

Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged & reinforced normal social interaction

Moral therapy

According to Sigmund Freud/psychoanalysis, what were the underlying causes of psychological disorders?

Id, Ego, Superego

What was Freud and Breuer’s second important discovery?

Psychosexual stages of development

The source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings/energies

Id

The part of our mind that ensures we act logically and realistically

Ego

The voice that nags at us when we know we’re doing something wrong

Superego

A mixture of tactics similar to psychoanalysis but with a social and interpersonal focus

Psychodynamic psychology

How is psychodynamic psychology different from psychoanalytic psych?

Focuses on relieving suffering

The underlying assumption that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning

Self-actualization

The complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings & actions

Unconditional positive regard

Which theory is unconditional positive regard associated with?

Humanistic approach

Whose name is most commonly associated with classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Neutral stimulus is paired with response until it elicits that response

Classical conditioning

Individual gradually introduced to feared objects so that fear could decline

Systemic desensitization

Type of learning where behavior is affected by reinforcement / punishment

Operant conditioning