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Calypso
A sea nymph that holds Odysseus hostage on her island for 10 years
Penelope
Odysseus' wife who tricks her suitors by spinning and unspinning a funeral shroud
Telemachus
Odysseus' son who tries to banish the suitors at the beginning of the poem
Odysseus
The king of Ithaka and the hero of the Odyssey
Polyphemus
A cyclops who is the son of Poseidon and is eventually blinded by Odysseus and his men
Antinous
One of the main suitors to Penelope. He is constantly bullying Telemachus.
Athena
The goddess of wisdom who helps Telemachus and Odysseus throughout the epic poem
Nausicaa
The princess of the Phaeacians who helps Odysseus receive safe passage back to Ithaka
Hector
The deadliest warrior for the Trojans during the Trojan War
Achilles
The deadliest warrior for the Achaeans during the Trojan War (Greeks)
Poseidon
the god of the sea and earthquakes in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and Hades and Hera
Zeus
the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades
Hermes
messenger and herald of the gods; god of commerce and cunning and invention and theft
Trireme
the type of ship that the Greeks sailed to Troy and back in
Nestor
a wise old counselor to the Greeks at Troy and the king of Pylos
Epic poem
a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds
medias res
a Latin term which literally translates to "in the middle of things"
Agamemnon
the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War
Priam
the last king of Troy; father of Hector and Paris and Cassandra
Paris
The prince of the Trojans who abducts Helen
Helen
The fairest woman in all the world whose abduction leads to the Trojan War
Hera
queen of the Olympian gods in ancient Greek mythology; sister and wife of Zeus remembered for her jealously of the many mortal women Zeus fell in love with
Muses
the sacred beings responsible for poetic, musical, and artistic inspiration
Scylla
a sea nymph transformed into a sea monster who lived on one side of a narrow strait
charybdis
a ship-devouring whirlpool lying on the other side of a narrow strait from Scylla
Lotus Eaters
Islanders that eat from the forbidden lotus plant that makes people cast aside their responsibilities in favor of laziness
Menelaus
the king of Sparta at the time of the Trojan War; brother of Agamemnon; husband of Helen
Aeneas
a mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War; hero of the Aeneid
Homer
The mythical Greek poet responsible for writing The Odyssey
Aphrodite
goddess of love and beauty and daughter of Zeus in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Venus
Invocation
a prayer asking the muses help as part of writing an epic poem
Aeolus
A king who gives Odysseus a bag of winds that accidently prevent him from getting back home to Ithaka
Ithaka
The home of Odysseus, Penelope, and Telemachus
Circe
a sorceress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine
Epithet
A descriptive word or phrase that typically reveals a defining characteristic about someone
Patronym
a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor)
Allusion
passing reference or indirect mention to a commonly understood tale, myth, or legend
The Trojan Horse
A massive wooden horse that Odysseus and the Greeks built to sneak into Troy
Helios
ancient god of the sun; Odysseus' men ate his sacred cattle, so Zeus punished them
"Nobody"
The name that Odysseus tells Polyphemus
Cyclops
one of a race of giants having a single eye in the middle of their forehead
Sirens
Humanoid sea creatures that appear as women and lure people to their death with their attractive voices/singing
The Trojan War
The conflict that lasted many years between the city states of mainland Greece and Troy in Asia minor
The Odyssey
A Greek epic poem detailing the adventures of Odysseus following the events of the Trojan War
The Iliad
A Greek epic poem depicting the events of The Trojan War. Its main subject is the rage of Achilles.
Briseis
Achilles' servant who Agamemnon took from him at the beginning of The Iliad
Tiresias
A blind prophet who can foretell the events of the future
Charon
the ferryman who brought the souls of the dead across the river Styx or the river Acheron to Hades
Tantalus
A wicked king and son of Zeus; condemned in Hades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink and beneath fruit that receded when he reached for it
Sisyphus
A king punished for all of eternity by having to forever push a boulder up a mountain side
Atlas
A titan who was forced to hold up the heavens as a form of punishment
Prometheus
A titan who was punished for giving the gift of fire to humanity by having his liver eaten every day by a massive vulture
Ixion
A man punished by Zeus for trying to sleep with Hera. He is forever spinning on a flaming wheel in the underworld.
Hercules
a hero noted for his strength; performed 12 immense labors to gain immortality
Hades
The god of the underworld in Greek mythology
Argus
Odysseus' loyal dog who dies as soon as he is reunited with his master
Laertes
Odysseus' father who is banished from his household
Xenia
Greek word for hospitality