WW1 and The Russian Revolution

M

militarism - building up and growing ones arms, ex. arms race

A

alliance - an agreement between countries to defend and help each other, ex. Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, GB and Belgium, Russia and Serbia

I

imperalism - trying to build up an empire, ex. britian occupies eygpt to secure its colony India

N

nationalism - intense pride in ones country, positives: unify a country and people, negatives: used by government to manipulate people, people will do anything to protect their country, creates an us and them (the other), ex. Uncle Sam (US), John Bull (England), flags, and anthems

Allied Powers

GB, France, Russia, Italy - US joined later (former triple entente)

Central Powers

Germany, Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austria-Hungary (former triple alliance)

Schleiffen Plan

plan by Alfred von Schleiffen for Germany to defeat france is 6 weeks then attack Russia, plan failed when germany met resistance in belgium, and russian army mobilized quicker than expected

Trench Warfare

casued a stalemate (deadlock where neither side can beat each other), created an eastern and western front, became a war of attrition (wearing enemy down by continual lose in people and materials)

Tank

used against trench warfare, used to plow over and shot down trenchs

Poison Gas

used to get people out of trenches, first used by Germany

Aircraft

used to spy over enemy lines

Submarine

improved, German U-boats dominated the sea

Machine Gun

allowed 600 rounds to be shot per minute

Total War

all people and resources devoted to war, ex. conscription (the draft), propaganda (the spreading of ideas to support a cause or damage an opposing cause, ex. domination of the press), women in factories

Sinking of the Lusitania

The lusitania sunk due to unrestricted submarine warfare (Germany would sink any ship near British waters without warning), 128 americans dead,

Zimmerman Telegram

intercepted between germany and mexico, proposal from germany to mexico to attack the US if they join allied powers

Great Britian in the Big Four

David Lloyd George, wanted economic punishments for Germany, naval strength, and to protect British empire

France in the Big Four

Georges Clemenceau, wanted Alsace and Lorraine, protect french boarders, weaken german army

Italy in the Big Four

Vittorio Orlando, wanted to protect land and possesions

US in the Big Four

led by Woodrow Wilson, wanted to fix root causes of war, world peace and stability

Woodrows 14 points

freedom of the seas, self-determination for colonies, League of nations, no secret alliances, restore Alsace and Lorraine to france

Self-determination

the process by which a group of people, usually with a high degree nation consciousness, form their own state and government

League of Nations

a group of 40 countries formed to negotiate disputes to avoid future wars, US did not join since they did not ratify the treaty (terms were to hard of germany, did not want revenge, wanted to stay out of european conflicts)

Treaty of Versialles

reduced german army size and banned conscription and weapon making, made germany pay reparations and war damages, germany must take responsibility and blame for starting war

War Guilt Clause

stated the germany must take responsibility for starting the war an pay reparations

Impact of the Treaty of Versailles of Germany

weakened their army, lost its colonies, economic issues (due to amount of reparations

Results of WW1

death of over 16 million people, collapse of empires and forming of new nations, ex. Russia, Germany, Ottomans, and Austria-Hungary

Causes of Russian Revolution

food shortages and prices, losses of russian army in WW1, serfdom and class inequality, tsar nicolas 11 leaving for warfront leaving the tsarina in charge

Tsar Nicholas 11

instituted monarchy, had complete power, put russia into WW1, refused to modernize Russia, left his wife in charge when leaving for the warfront, abdicated in 1917 and exiled and later executed

Tsarina

given power when tsar went to lead troops, gave power to Rasputin, believed he could save her son with blood diese, exiled and executed with tsar and kids

Rasputin

given power by Tsarina, the tsar and people did not like what he was doing so the tsars generals executed him

Lenin

hated imperial russia due to his brothers execution when he plotted to kill the tsar, along with support from germany he returned from exile in switzerland in april 1917, that sumemr he fled to Finland due to treats of arrest, returned and took power after trotsky and the bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government in october, end WW1 for russia

Trotsky

organized bolsheviks seized of power from the provisional government and the red army in the civil war, one of lenins supporters, exiled and then executed due to his rivalry with stalin

Causes and Effects of March Revolution

Causes: tsar nicholas 11s rule, russian involvement in WW1, food prices and shortages, losing military support, povery for serfs and urban poor 

Effects: abdication of tsar nicholas 11, Duma established a provisional government, continued WW1, Lenin and bolsheviks gain power

Cause and Effects of October Revolution

Causes: failure to address problems such as WW1, serfdom and poverty, and land issues

Effects: bolsheviks take over, civil war, establish communist state (eventually USSR)

Problems with Provisional Government

kept Russia in WW1 (worsened economy, lost peoples trust, and people wanted out), dual government with Petrograd soviet (couldn’t make independent decisions)

Civil War

was between 1918 and 1920, between the red and white army

War Communism

established on home front, nationalized banks and industries, rationed food and seized grain, use of propaganda

White Army

anti-communist old army group

Red Army

Bolsheviks led by Trotsky

Effects of Civil War

Reds win, devastated russia loss of 15 million + 5 million from WW1, established a communist states and the soviet union, roads, famrs, factories, industries, and railroads destroyed, famine and drought in 1920s only worsens everything

Role of Cheka

used in the red terror, imprisoned and executed tens of thousand without trial known as “class enemies”, secret police was a new tool used by government