MUSH semester review

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Popular Sovereignty

allowed states to choose if they would allow slavery or abolish it

Republican Party

Party formed in the 1850s to oppose slavery

House Divided Speech

Abraham Lincoln presented the idea that American states must all abolish slavery or accept it

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that was approved of by Southern states and despised by Northern states

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln's victory led to the secession of Southern states

Industrial economy

Northern (Union) advantage during the Civil War

Confederate (Southern) Military advantages

Well trained leadership

Free-Soil

the belief that slavery must be kept out of the Western territories, Abraham Lincoln was a believer

Conscription or draft

requiring of citizens to serve in the military for a certain period of time, used by both the Union and Confederacy

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest battle of the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared the Union to be anti-slavery and forced the British to stop purchasing southern cotton

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Sharecropping

Predominant agricultural system in the south after the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction after 11 years as Northerners were no longer interested in reforming Southerners.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

poll taxes and literacy tests

How Southern states got around the 15th Amendment, guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote.

Homestead Act

Accomplished Manifest Destiny by settling the west and sending food to the east

Railroads

Connected the Western frontier to the eastern cities by moving raw materials to the east and manufactured goods to the west

buffalo

Animal that was hunted nearly to extinction as settlers moved to the Midwest

Reservation System

Native Americans were forced onto land set aside for them to make way for white settlers and railroads

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892 which became a monopoly.

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the production of the same product

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production and the assembly line

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with photographs

Unions

Were often associated with socialism and violence in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities in America in the late 1800s and early 1900s

"New Immigrants"

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern Europe

Push factor for Immigrants

Many immigrants left their home countries because of famine, war and religious persecution

Pull factors for immigration

Many immigrants came to America for:

Economic Opportunity ($)

Jobs/ workers were needed

Land

Peace and stability

Freedom to make a better life

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

"New Colossus"

Poem attached to the Statue of Liberty which embraces immigration in late 1890s although government policy became more nativist

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate but equal"

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

W.E.B. DuBois

Advocated for social and political integration immediately for African-Americans

Anti-Defamation League

organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements

progressive government

wanted more power in the hands of the voters and wanted more government regulation in the economy

Booker T. Washington

Advocated for African-Americans to improve their lives through education within the constraints of the Jim Crow segregated South

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Theodore Roosevelt in his bid for a third term in the election of 1912

Recall, direct primary, initiative and referendum

Reforms that put more government actions directly in the hands of voters

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Bosses of the Senate

Gilded Age criticism of big company monopolies (oil, steel, paper, iron, etc) controlled the government because they give so much money to the politicians

Progressives vs. Populists

progressives were generally urban middle class people and populists were generally rural agrarian farmers

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Zimmerman Note, Lusitania & Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Convinced America to join the war on the side of the British, French and Russians

14 points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Trenches

protected soldiers from machine guns

League of Nations

Failed largely because the US refused to join after WWI

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Communists in American life.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Rural vs Cities

Main cultural divide in America during the 1920s

Prohibition

Failed attempt at forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages as Americans refused to change their attitudes toward alcohol

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote often about Jim Crow laws and segregation

Yellow Journalism

Led to the Spanish-American; Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers,

Open Door Policy

Protected American trade interests in China

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's suffrage