Digestive System Reviewer

Digestive System Flashcards

__ These are the two types of digestion.

Mechanical and chemical digestion

__ This is the phase where food is chewed and mixed with saliva.

Ingestion

__ This function of the digestive system involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food.

Digestion

__ The movement of nutrients from the GI tract into blood or lymph.

Absorption

__ The layer of the GI tract that contains the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.

Mucosa

__ This layer contains the myenteric plexus and controls GI motility.

Muscularis externa

__ This layer of the GI tract contains blood vessels, glands, and the submucosal plexus.

Submucosa

__ The outermost layer of the GI tract in intraperitoneal organs.

Serosa

__ The enteric nervous system consists of these two plexuses.

Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus

__ These are the three parts of the pharynx.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

__ The part of the oral cavity that forms the roof of the mouth.

Hard palate

__ These are the three types of salivary glands.

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

__ This salivary gland is the largest and produces watery secretions rich in enzymes.

Parotid gland

__ This gland lies beneath the tongue and produces mostly mucous.

Sublingual gland

__ This salivary gland is located along the inner surface of the mandible.

Submandibular gland

__ This digestive enzyme in saliva begins starch digestion.

Salivary amylase

__ The process of swallowing.

Deglutition

__ These are the four parts of the stomach.

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

__ The gastric region that connects to the duodenum.

Pylorus

__ This hormone is secreted by G cells in the stomach and stimulates gastric secretion.

Gastrin

__ These are the four types of gastric gland cells.

Mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, G cells

__ These cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

Parietal cells

__ These cells secrete pepsinogen.

Chief cells

__ These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.

Mucous cells

__ These are the three phases of gastric secretion.

Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases

__ This phase is triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food.

Cephalic phase

__ This phase is activated once food enters the stomach.

Gastric phase

__ This phase begins when chyme enters the small intestine.

Intestinal phase

__ Chyme is passed from the stomach to this section of the small intestine.

Duodenum

__ These are the three parts of the small intestine.

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

__ This organ produces bile and plays a key role in metabolism.

Liver

__ These are the functional cells of the liver.

Hepatocytes

__ This organ stores and concentrates bile.

Gallbladder

__ Small ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile.

Bile canaliculi

__ This duct carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

Common bile duct

__ This gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions related to digestion and blood sugar regulation.

Pancreas

__ These pancreatic structures secrete digestive enzymes.

Acini

__ These are the endocrine regions of the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon.

Pancreatic islets

__ This pancreatic enzyme digests carbohydrates.

Pancreatic amylase

__ This pancreatic enzyme digests proteins after being activated from trypsinogen.

Trypsin

__ This pancreatic enzyme digests fats.

Lipase

__ This hormone stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid.

Secretin

__ This hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

__ This valve controls the flow from the small intestine to the large intestine.

Ileocecal valve

__ The first pouch of the large intestine that receives chyme from the ileum.

Cecum

__ A worm-like lymphatic structure attached to the cecum.

Appendix

__ The part of the colon that travels up the right side of the abdomen.

Ascending colon

__ The part of the colon that goes horizontally across the abdomen.

Transverse colon

__ The part of the colon that travels down the left side.

Descending colon

__ The S-shaped region of the colon leading into the rectum.

Sigmoid colon

__ The final section of the large intestine.

Rectum

__ The opening at the end of the digestive tract for feces elimination.

Anus

__ Pouches formed in the wall of the colon.

Haustra

__ Longitudinal muscle bands along the colon.

Teniae coli

__ This reflex involves the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in response to rectal distension.

Defecation reflex

__ This peritoneal fold hangs from the stomach and covers the intestines.

Greater omentum

__ This structure connects the stomach and liver.

Lesser omentum

__ The peritoneal fold that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.

Mesocolon

__ The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall.

Parietal peritoneum

__ The inner layer of the peritoneum that covers abdominal organs.

Visceral peritoneum

__ The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

Peritoneal cavity

__ The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering organs.

Peritoneum

__ This lymphatic tissue in the mucosa helps defend against pathogens.

MALT

__ This substance secreted by parietal cells is required for vitamin B12 absorption.

Intrinsic factor

__ These enzymes are found on the microvilli of the small intestine and finish digestion.

Brush border enzymes

__ This type of intestinal movement mixes chyme and increases contact with mucosa.

Segmentation

__ A finger-like projection of the mucosa in the small intestine.

Villus

__ A lymphatic capillary in a villus that absorbs dietary fats.

Lacteal

__ Large ridges in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

Circular folds

__ The middle portion of the small intestine where most absorption occurs.

Jejunum

__ The final part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.

lleum