Ecology
The science of the relationships between organisms and their environments.
Organism
an individual living thing that uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
Species
a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at same time
Community
a number of different populations living and interacting in the same area (all the living things in an area)
Ecosystem
a community and its abiotic environment (all the living things in an area interacting with the non-living things)
Autotroph
also known as a producer
an organism capable of making its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy.
eg. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by consuming other organisms or substances derived from them.
Carbon cycle
the continuous process by which carbon is exchanged between organisms and the environment
Energy flow
energy from the sun is captured by producers and passed along food chains by consumption and decomposition. Energy is lost at each stage.
Trophic level
each step in a food chain or food web. producers are at level 1.
Food web
network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem (all interconnected food chains)
Food chain
shows the transfer of energy along a feeding relationship from producers along the different trophic levels
producer --> primary consumer --> secondary consumer --> tertiary consumer
eg. grass --> cricket --> mouse --> snake
Pyramid of energy
a diagram to show the energy contained in a food chain, web or community
10% Rule
the idea that only 10% of the energy in one trophic level gets passed onto the next trophic level due to losses of heat (respiration), feces, decomposition, etc
Producer
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph
Consumer
organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph
Primary Consumer
Consumer that feeds directly on producers; (animals that feed on plants, algae or phytoplankton)
Secondary Consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers; (animals that generally feed on herbivores)
Tertiary Consumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers; The third trophic level of consumer in a food chain; A carnivore that eats other carnivores.
Detritivore
A specific type of heterotroph that eats plant and animal remains and other dead matter (ex. vultures, earthworms, crabs, etc.)
Saprotroph
A specific type of heterotroph that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion (e.g. mushrooms, bacteria); = a type of decomposer
Precautionary Principle
The principle that states that when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or to the environment, safety should prevail and control measures should be initiated even if cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established
Detritus
nonliving organic matter; typically includes decaying dead organisms as well as fecal matter
Habitat
the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it
Limiting factor
factor that is needed for continued population growth - if in short supply it will stop the population growing or cause decline
External factor
any living or nonliving factor that impacts the survival of an organism, population, or community (can be a limiting factor or a non-limiting factor)
Abiotic
non-living
Biotic
living
Greenhouse effect
Natural phenomenon which maintains temperatures required for life to live on Earth where short wave (visible light) radiation from sun is absorbed by the surface of the planet and re-radiated at longer wavelengths which get trapped by gases in the atmosphere
Potential problems associated with climate change
ice habitats are melting (destruction of habitats)
flooding (destruction of habitats)
desertification
more extreme weather events
species extinction
movement of species further north
destruction of food webs
Chemoautotrophs
organisms that obtain energy from chemicals to make their own food; Autotrophic bacteria that derive energy from inorganic sulfur compounds; often live in deep-ocean vents
Quadrat Sampling
Using a known small area at random to count organisms within that area. The number of organisms within that area can give an approximate estimate of the population of that particular species in a larger area.
(Line) Transect
use string across a place where you collect data, collect the data of whatever passes the string
Plant/animal distribution
The number of a particular organism in an given area (measured using quadrats and represented either as percentage coverage or organisms per squared area)
limits of tolerance
The range of a particular environmental factor (e.g. temperature, soil pH, elevation, etc) that an organism can survive within
optimal zone
The optimal range of an environmental factor that an organism survives best in
zone of stress
Within the limits of tolerance but the range where the envirnmental factor means an organism is struggling to survive
zone of intolerance
The range of an environmental factor where an organism is unable to survive (e.g. too hot/cold, too salty, not enough oxygen, etc)
Niche concept
The environmental role that and organism plays within its environment
Fundamental Niche
all of the places a species can live if no competition; The entire range of resource opportunities an organism is potentially able to occupy within an ecosystem
Realised/Applied Niche
the actual areas a species tends to occupy due to competition with other organisms in the same area
Competitive exclusion principle
The idea that two organisms can't occupy the exact same niche due to competition
Keystone species
A species that plays an important role in its environment and helps to maintain the biodiversity of the ecosystem
Natality
Birth rate; increases population size as offspring are added to the population
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Emigration
Movement of individuals out of an area.
Mortality
Death rate
Competition
A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites.
Predation
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Parasitism
A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it (+/-)
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (+/+)
Biomass
-the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.
-A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region.
Biosphere
The area on and around Earth where life exists.
Biome
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms.
Invasive Species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats
Biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain; due to inability to excrete pollutants and bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation
The build up of pollutants in a particular trophic level of a food chain as the pollutants can't be excreted
Primary succession
The series of stages of growth in plant life on newly exposed rock (= bryophata, grasses and small plants, small trees and shrubs, larger trees)
Secondary succession
The series of stages of growth in plant life in an area where the previous ecosystem has been destroyed (e.g. after a fire or clearance for agriculture)
Nutrient cycling
The cyclic systems in which certain elements are exchanged between the biotic and abiotic realms. e.g Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles.
Microplastics
Tiny pieces of plastic that can cause damage to zooplankton and other small aquatic creatures
Macroplastics
Larger pieces of plastic debris that causes problems for large fish and seabirds through ingestion and even strangulation.
Closed systems
Systems where energy can be exchanged but matter can not - e.g. mesocosms
DDT
A pesticide used to kill mosquitoes to control malaria - a good example of the problems caused by biomagnification
Biotic index
A measure of the relative abundance of indicator species to compare pollution or damage to an environment
Biodiversity
The richness, variety and abundance of species in a given ecosystem or habitat
Simpson's diversity index
A way to estimate biodiversity by looking at the relative abundance of species in a given area
Nature reserves
Protected areas of land where building, poaching and and farming are restricted. Usually run by government agencies.
In situ conservation
Protection of species through efforts within the natural habitat of that species
Ex situ conservation
Protecting species away from their natural habitat (e.g. introduction to new areas or zoo breeding programs)
The corridor effect
Pockets of forest or nature reserves will not support biodiversity well unless there are corridors (areas of natural land) connecting them.
The edge effect
Biodiversity is likely to be poorer on the outskirts of nature reserves as the organisms are more prone to influences from outside, e.g. poachers, pollution, etc
transpiration
the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants