Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization (short answer)

The four BASIC TISSUE types found in the human body are

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

Through the process of differentiation,

each cell specializes to perform a relatively restricted range

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited range of functions are called

Tissues

Epithelial tissue is composed of layers of cells that

Cover internal or external surface

The primary function of epithelial tissue is

producing specialized secretions.

control permeability

providing sensation

provide physical protection

The three recognizable cell shapes used to classify epithelia are

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

The type of epithelium cells found in protected regions where absorption takes place or a slippery surface reduces friction is

Simple Squamous

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells are specialized to

Secrete enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands

If epithelial cells are classified according to their function, the classes would include those involved with

Lining, Covering, Secreting

In the ureters and urinary bladder, where large changes in volume occur, the primary epithelial type is

Transitional

Stratified squamous epithelium is found where

Mechanical stresses are severe, such as the lining of the mouth.

The three basic components of all connective tissues are

Specialized cells, Extracellular protein fibers, and Ground Substance

The three classes of connective tissue based on structure and function are

Fluid, Supporting, Connective Tissue Proper.

The major cell types found in connective tissue proper are

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Fat Cells, and Mast Cells

The primary Functions of Connective tissue include

Support, Protection, Defense, Transportation, Storage of energy reserve

The major Purposes of adipose tissue in the body are

Padding, Cushioning, Insulating

The three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body are

Plasma, Interstitial Fluid, Lymph

The two types of supporting connective tissue found in the body are

Cartilage and Bone

The three major types of cartilage found in the body are

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

The pads that lie between the vertebrae in the vertebral column contain

Fibrocartilage

Of the four primary types, the tissue that stores energy in bulk quantities is

Connective Tissue

The most common fibers in connective tissue proper are

Collagen

The least specialized connective tissue in the adult body is

Areolar

Connective tissue fibers forming a branching, interwoven framework that is though but flexible describes

Reticular Fibers.

The type of membranes lining cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body are

Mucous Membranes

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

Serous Membranes

The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are example of

Serous Membranes

The mucous membranes that are lined by simple epithelia perform the function of

Absorption and Secretion

Which of the following membranes consist of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue?

Mucous, Serous, Cataneous, Synovial

The loose connective tissue of a mucous membrane is called the

Lamina Propria

The membranes associated with freely moveable joints are

Synovial

The three types of muscle tissue found in the body are

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be

a foot or more in lenght, and each cell contains hundreds of nuclei.

Smooth muscle tissue is most likely fund in the

Salls of hollow internal organs.

Cardiac muscle is different than skeletal muscle in that

Cardia muscle is under involuntary control

Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs.

Smooth muscle is like cardia muscle in that

Smooth muscle cell have a single

Smooth muscle cells aor the involuntary control

A unique feature of muscle tisue is that it is capable of

Contraction

Striated, Voluntary, and multinucleated describes tha structural and functional characteisitics of

Skeleton muscle

Neural Tissue is specialized to

conduct electrical impulses throughout the body

The Major function of neurons in neural tissue is to

Transmit signal that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential

Structurally, neurons are unique because they are the oly cells in the body that have

Axons and Dendrites

Cells of the nervous system that funcyion to protect, provide mourishment to and support the neural tissue

Neuroglia

The unifiracion pro an implule to travel throught a meuron;

Dendrite-soma-axon

The restoration of homeostasis after an injury involves two related processes

inflammation & regeneration

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions are called

Tissues

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is

muscle tissue

A type of cell junction common in cardiac and smooth muscle tissues is the

gap junction

The most abundant connections between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are

desmosomes

___________ membranes have an epithelium that is stratified and supported by dense connective tissue

mucous

Mucous secretions that coat the passageways of the digestive and respiratory tracts result from _________ secretion

merocrine

Matrix is a characteristic of which type of tissue?

connective

Functions of connective tissue include:

-Establishing a structural framework for the body

-Storing energy reserves

-Providing protection for delicate organs

Which epithelia most easily permits diffusion?

simple squamos

The three major types of cartilage in the body are

-hyaline

-elastic

-fibrous

The primary function of serous membranes in the body is to

minimize friction between opposing surfaces

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is

appositional growth

Tissue changes with age can result from

-hormonal changes

-improper nutrition

Axons, dendrites, and a cell body are characteristic of cells located in

neural tissue

The repair process necessary to restore normal function in damaged tissues is

regeneration

What are the four essential functions of epithelial tissue?

-Provides physical protection

-Controls permeability

-Provides sensations

-Produces specialized secretions

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

-Endocrine glands secrete hormones onto the surface of the gland or directly into the surrounding fluid

-Exocrine glands secrete via ducts

By what three methods do various glandular epithelial cells release their secretions?

-Merocrine secretion

-Apocrine secretion

-Holocrine secretion

List three basic components of connective tissues

-Specialized cells

-Extracellular protein fibers

-A fluid ground substance

What are the four kinds of membranes composed of epithelial and connective tissue that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body?

-Serous membranes

-Mucous membranes

-Cutaneous membrane

-Synovial membranes

What two cell populations make up neural tissue? What is the function of each?

-Neurons= transmit electrical impulses in the form of changes in the transmembrane potential

-Neuroglia= comprise several kinds of supporting cells and play a role in providing nutrients to neurons

What is the difference between exocine secretion and an endocrine secretion?

-Exocrine secretions are secreted onto a surface or outward through a duct

-Endocrine secretions are secreted by ductless glands into surrounding tissues. (hormones)

A significant structural feater in the digestive system is the presence of tight junctions near the exposed surfaces of cells lining the digestive tract. Why are these junctions so important?

Tight junctions block the passage of water or solutes between cells. In the digestive system, these junctions keep enzymes, acids, and waste products from damaging delicate underlying tissues

Describe the fluid connective tissues in the human body

Fluid connective tissues have a liquid, watery matrix

What are the main differences between fluid connective tissues and supporting connective tissues?

They different from supporting connective tissues in that they have many soluble proteins in the matrix, and they do not include insoluble fibers

Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or abrasion?

in skin, tight junction, proteoglycan molecules, and physical interlocking form extensive connections that hold skin cells together, denying the entry of any pathogens present of their free surfaces.

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to the epithelium describes

the basement membrane

Why does damaged cartilage heal so slowly?

a. Chondrocytes cannot be replaced if killed, and other cell types must take their place.

b. Cartilage is avascular so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury

c. damaged cartilage becomes calcified, thus blocking movement of materials required for healing

d. Chondrocytes divide more slowly than other cell types delaying the healing process

e. damaged collage cannot be quickly replaced, thus slowing the healing process

b. cartilage is avascular so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury