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Define bioenergetics and explain why living organisms are considered open chemical systems.
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Describe the two fundamental laws of thermodynamics and their application to living systems.
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What are entropy and enthalpy, and how do they relate to the concept of free energy?
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Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
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Why is energy coupling essential for vital processes?
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What are the three main mechanisms of energy coupling in biochemical reactions?
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Define high-energy compounds and provide three examples.
What is meant by a "high-energy bond"?
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Explain the importance of ATP as the main energy carrier in cells.
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Describe the role of ATP in energy metabolism, including the processes of hydrolysis and synthesis.
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Define biological oxidation and explain its importance for energy production.
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What are the substrates of biological oxidation? Provide some examples.
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What are the main final hydrogen acceptors in aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
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Describe the three main classes of oxidoreductases and their functions.
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Explain the concept of redox potential and its importance in electron flow.
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List three examples of biological redox systems
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What are cytochromes and what is their role in the electron transport chain?
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Describe the organization and functions of the electron transport chain.
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Explain how the free energy released during electron transport is used for ATP synthesis.
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What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis and how does it explain oxidative phosphorylation?
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Describe the role of ATP synthase in ATP production.
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What are uncoupling agents and how do they affect oxidative phosphorylation?
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What are inherited defects in oxidative phosphorylation and what are their possible clinical consequences?
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List some examples of mitochondrial diseases and describe their main characteristics.
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Explain the role of mitochondria in the process of apoptosis.
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