DNA, RNA, and protien synthesis

DNA and RNA are made of polymers called?

nucleic acids

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

what are the sides of DNA composed of?

phosphate and deoxyribose sugars

what are the "rungs" of DNA composed of?

nitrogenous bases

DNA: adenine

what is the mRNA base pairing?

uracil

DNA: thymine

what is the mRNA base pairing?

adenine

DNA: cytosine

what is the mRNA base pairing?

guanine

DNA: guanine

what is the mRNA base pairing?

cytosine

what are the three ways RNA differs from DNA?

1. RNA consists of ribose sugars; DNA consists of deoxyribose sugars

2. RNA is single-stranded; DNA is double-stranded

3. RNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, URACIL, Guanine, and Cytosine; DNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, THYMINE, Guanine, and Cytosine

DNA is copied in what process?

replication

where does DNA replication occur?

in the nucleus

what is the first thing that has to happen for replication to occur?

helicase has to unzip the DNA strand

what type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?

hydrogen bonds

what type of bonds hold the backbone of DNA together?

covalent bonds

what enzyme unzips the DNA in replication and transcription?

helicase

what segment of DNA codes for a protein?

a gene

DNA must be converted into mRNA to code for a protein. what process is this?

transcription

where does transcription in DNA occur?

in the nucleus

mRNA codes for protein in what process?

translation

where does translation occur?

in the ribosome

what is tRNA?

it brings the anticodon to the mRNA to create amino acids for proteins

what is the genetic code on mRNA that is read in sets of three bases?

codon

codons are sets that have a corresponding three-base sequence on tRNA molecules. what are these corresponding sequences called?

anticodons

a permanent change in a cell's DNA is called what?

mutation

what is a point mutation?

a nitrogenous base is substituted with another base

what is a frameshift mutation?

a nitrogenous base is either inserted or deleted

what mutation is typically worse?

frameshift

a protein is a polymer composed of what monomers?

amino acids

how is DNA in prokaryotes organized?

within one single chromosome and floating freely in the cytoplasm

how is DNA in eukaryotes organized?

within multiple chromosomes and within the nucleus

true/false: genetic code is only seen in some organisms

false (it's universal)

what does complementary mean (in nucleic acids)?

the strands in the nucleic acid are a template to make a new strand

what does semi-conservative mean (in nucleic acids)?

each double stranded molecule is composed of one new and old strand

what occurs in replication?

helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds connecting the nucleotides and the DNA polymerase attaches the complementary bases and the DNA recoils

what occurs in transcription?

the DNA unzips by helicase and the complementary mRNA is created by RNA polymerase which then breaks off of the DNA and travels to the ribosome for protein synthesis

what occurs in translation?

the mRNA is at the ribosome and the tRNA pairs its anticodons with the mRNA to create amino acids that are used to create a protein

who saw the X-shaped pattern of chromosomes?

Franklin

who discovered the base pairing rules for the nitrogenous bases?

Chargaff

who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

where are proteins packaged/sorted?

in the Golgi Apparatus

what does DNA polymerase do?

joins nucleotides to make complementary strands

what does RNA polymerase do?

uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA

what does the central dogma of molecular biology state?

genetic information flows in one direction: DNA -> RNA -> protein