Studied by 3 people
DNA and RNA are made of polymers called?
nucleic acids
what are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what are the sides of DNA composed of?
phosphate and deoxyribose sugars
what are the "rungs" of DNA composed of?
nitrogenous bases
DNA: adenine
what is the mRNA base pairing?
uracil
DNA: thymine
what is the mRNA base pairing?
adenine
DNA: cytosine
what is the mRNA base pairing?
guanine
DNA: guanine
what is the mRNA base pairing?
cytosine
what are the three ways RNA differs from DNA?
RNA consists of ribose sugars; DNA consists of deoxyribose sugars
RNA is single-stranded; DNA is double-stranded
RNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, URACIL, Guanine, and Cytosine; DNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, THYMINE, Guanine, and Cytosine
DNA is copied in what process?
replication
where does DNA replication occur?
in the nucleus
what is the first thing that has to happen for replication to occur?
helicase has to unzip the DNA strand
what type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
hydrogen bonds
what type of bonds hold the backbone of DNA together?
covalent bonds
what enzyme unzips the DNA in replication and transcription?
helicase
what segment of DNA codes for a protein?
a gene
DNA must be converted into mRNA to code for a protein. what process is this?
transcription
where does transcription in DNA occur?
in the nucleus
mRNA codes for protein in what process?
translation
where does translation occur?
in the ribosome
what is tRNA?
it brings the anticodon to the mRNA to create amino acids for proteins
what is the genetic code on mRNA that is read in sets of three bases?
codon
codons are sets that have a corresponding three-base sequence on tRNA molecules. what are these corresponding sequences called?
anticodons
a permanent change in a cell's DNA is called what?
mutation
what is a point mutation?
a nitrogenous base is substituted with another base
what is a frameshift mutation?
a nitrogenous base is either inserted or deleted
what mutation is typically worse?
frameshift
a protein is a polymer composed of what monomers?
amino acids
how is DNA in prokaryotes organized?
within one single chromosome and floating freely in the cytoplasm
how is DNA in eukaryotes organized?
within multiple chromosomes and within the nucleus
true/false: genetic code is only seen in some organisms
false (it's universal)
what does complementary mean (in nucleic acids)?
the strands in the nucleic acid are a template to make a new strand
what does semi-conservative mean (in nucleic acids)?
each double stranded molecule is composed of one new and old strand
what occurs in replication?
helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds connecting the nucleotides and the DNA polymerase attaches the complementary bases and the DNA recoils
what occurs in transcription?
the DNA unzips by helicase and the complementary mRNA is created by RNA polymerase which then breaks off of the DNA and travels to the ribosome for protein synthesis
what occurs in translation?
the mRNA is at the ribosome and the tRNA pairs its anticodons with the mRNA to create amino acids that are used to create a protein
who saw the X-shaped pattern of chromosomes?
Franklin
who discovered the base pairing rules for the nitrogenous bases?
Chargaff
who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
where are proteins packaged/sorted?
in the Golgi Apparatus
what does DNA polymerase do?
joins nucleotides to make complementary strands
what does RNA polymerase do?
uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA
what does the central dogma of molecular biology state?
genetic information flows in one direction: DNA -> RNA -> protein
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