Prominent Art Movements from the Industrial Revolution to World War I

Vocabulary flashcards covering core art movements, key artists, and representative artworks from the Industrial Revolution to World War I.

Modern Art

A style of art that emerged in the late 1800s and gained popularity in the 1900s, characterized by new ideas, techniques, and materials used to express personal feelings and imagination.

Realism

The first Modern Art movement (1840s–1880s) that sought precise representation of human conditions, perspective, distance, and natural light effects.

Impressionism

A French art movement (late 1860s–1890s) using pure, unmixed colors in short, broken strokes to capture momentary effects of light and color.

Fauvism

A movement (1899–1908) featuring bold, bright colors and simplified shapes to express strong emotions rather than realistic details.

Expressionism

A German-origin movement (1905–1933) that employed bold colors, strong lines, and dramatic, distorted forms to convey intense emotions.

Cubism

An art style (1902–1922) derived from the word "cube," depicting objects as abstracted planes, angles, and geometric forms.

Source Lighting

A Realist technique that recreates natural lighting within a painted scene.

Gustave Courbet

French Realist painter known for depicting ordinary laborers, e.g., "The Stone Breakers."

Jean-François Millet

French Realist artist famed for rural scenes such as "The Gleaners."

Édouard Manet

Painter who bridged Realism and Impressionism; works include "The Luncheon on the Grass" and "Boating."

Claude Monet

Founding Impressionist who painted outdoor scenes like "The Water Lily Pond."

Auguste Renoir

Impressionist known for vibrant portrayals of leisure life, e.g., "Young Girls by the Sea."

Henri Matisse

Leading Fauvist celebrated for vivid works such as "Open Window."

Georges Rouault

Fauvist/Expressionist artist noted for emotional paintings like "Twilight."

Maurice de Vlaminck

Fauvist painter recognized for dynamic landscapes such as "The Chatou Bridge."

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Key German Expressionist who painted distorted urban scenes like "Self-Portrait."

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff

Expressionist known for bold color and angular forms, e.g., "Houses at Night."

Erich Heckel

German Expressionist famed for emotional works like "Weisses Haus in Dangast."

Pablo Picasso

Spanish co-founder of Cubism; major works include "Guernica."

Georges Braque

French painter who co-created Cubism, exemplified by "Houses at Estaque."

The Stone Breakers

1849 Realist painting by Gustave Courbet depicting laborers at work.

The Gleaners

Jean-François Millet’s 1857 Realist portrayal of peasant women collecting leftover grain.

The Luncheon on the Grass

Édouard Manet’s 1863 painting that stirred controversy for its frank depiction of a nude in a modern setting.

The Water Lily Pond

Claude Monet’s 1899 Impressionist canvas capturing light on a garden footbridge.

Young Girls by the Sea

1894 Impressionist painting by Auguste Renoir featuring figures in a coastal setting.

Boating

1874 Impressionist work by Édouard Manet showing leisure on the water.

Open Window

1905 Fauvist painting by Henri Matisse with bright colors and simplified forms of a seaside view.

Twilight (Rouault)

Emotional Fauvist/Expressionist piece by Georges Rouault emphasizing bold color contrasts.

The Chatou Bridge

Maurice de Vlaminck’s Fauvist landscape with vibrant, unblended hues.

Guernica

Pablo Picasso’s 1937 Cubist-influenced mural protesting the horrors of war.

Houses at Estaque

Georges Braque’s 1908 Cubist painting breaking forms into geometric planes.