Biology 1: The cell

The nucleoid region is found in [eukaryotes or prokaryotes] and contains [...]

prokaryotes and contains DNA

The nucleolus makes [...]

ribosomes

Peroxisomes [...] material

breakdown

The [smooth or rough] ER makes proteins from mRNA

rough ER

The [smooth or rough] ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation

smooth ER

The [organelle] modifies and distributes proteins

Golgi apparatus

• eukaryotes only

In the Vesicular Transport Model, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are [...] structures

static

• the contents are physically shuttled from each cisterna to the next

In the Cisternal Maturation Model, cisternae [...]

evolve and mature

• this cis-golgi matures and becomes the medical-golgi, then eventually, the trans-golgi

• vesicles move in retrograde motion

[...] are the demolition and recycling center

lysosomes

• made by golgi

Centrioles contain 9 groups of [...] and they pull [...] apart

microtubules and they pull chromosomes apart

A/an [...] is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA

plasmid

• often the gene carried in plasmids provides bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance

Microfilaments make up part of the cell's [...]

cytoskeleton

• polymers of actin

Microtubules help the cell [...] compression forces

resits

• made of tubulin proteins

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

simple squamous

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

simple cuboidal

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

simple columnat

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

pseudostratified columnar

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

stratified squamous

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

stratified cuboidal

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

stratified columnar

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

transitional

Bone, cartilage, tendon, and blood are examples of [...] tissue

connective

Epithelial tissue covers [...] and [...] surfaces of the body

internal and external

This is an example of [shape] bacteria

bacilli (rod)

This is an example of [shape] bacteria

cocci (sphere)

This is an example of [shape] bacteria

spirilla (spiral)

[type of microorganism] require O₂

obligate aerobes

[type of microorganism] die in O₂

obligate anaerobes

[type of microorganism] toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

facultative anaerobes

[type of microorganism]do not use O₂ but tolerate it

aerotolerant anaerobes

Gram + is [color] and has a [thick or thin] wall

purple and thick

• wall is made of peptidoglycan lipoteichoic acid

Gram - is [color] and has a [thick or thin] wall

pink thin

• wall is made of peptidoglycan

[...] is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment 

transformation

• griffith experiment with mice (R strain safe, S strain deadly)

Conjugation is the transfer genetic info via a/an [...]

conjugation bridge

[...] is the transfer genetic material using a bacteriophage

transduction

[...] are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome

transposons

• this sometimes create or reverse mutations

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the [cellular component]

inner mitochondrial membrane

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the [cellular component]

cell membrane

Eukaryotic cells reproduce via [...]

mitosis

Prokaryotic cells reproduce via [...]

binary fission

[...] are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding

prions

• creates creutzfeldt-jakob disease

• alhemizer’s

...] are plant pathogens 

viroids

[...] are bacteria viruses that use a tail sheath to inject DNA / RNA

bacteriophages

A/an [...] is the protein shell of a virus

capsid

[...] are individual virus particles that are found extracellular

virions

[...] genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded

viral

Retroviruses are single stranded [...]

RNA

• reverse transcriptase is needed to make DNA

In a [...] bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses

lytic - viruses enter cells and use the cell to make copies of themselves often destroying the cell in the process