Kindom Animalia Test

4/4/23

bilateral symmetry

can be divided by a plane through their center in one place to form mirror images

radial symmetry

can be divided by a plane in several places to form mirror images

asymmetry

no symmetry

ectoderm

outer layer, includes the nervous system and skin (outer coverings)

mesoderm

middle layer, forms the muscle, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems

endoderm

inner layer, forms the digestive system

cephalization

concentration of sensory and nerve cells at one end of the organism (Bilaterally Symmetrical organisms often exhibit cephalization, In many organisms this would be the head of the organism.)

hermaphroditism

sexual reproduction

coelomate

having a body cavity (a coelom)

acoelomate

lacking a coelom

pseudocoelomate

pretending to have a coelom

regeneration

a form of asexual reproduction

sessile

fixed, though moving their environment *through* themselves)

locomotion

swimming freely

which worm phylum are coelomates

annelida (segmented worms)

which worm phylum are acoelomates

platyhelminthes (flatworms)

which worm phylum are pseudocoelomates

nematoda (roundworms)

phylum for flatworms

platyhelminthes

phylum for roundworms

nematoda

phylum for segmented worms

annelida

which phylum exhibits bilateral symmetry

mollusca, all worms

which phylum exhibits radial symmetry

cnidaria, echinodermata

which phylum exhibits asymmetry

porifera

which phyla is associated with spicules

porifera

which phyla is associated with nematocysts

cnidaria

which phyla is associated with medusa/polyp

cnidaria

which phyla is associated with tube feet

echinodermata

which phyla is associated with spiny skin

echinodermata

which phyla is associated with radula

mollusca

which phyla is associated with siphon

mollusca

which phyla is associated with pharynx

the pharynx is found in vertebrates and invertabrates

porifera

no symmetry, sessile/stationary, spicules for structure, specialized cells (no tissue or organs) water flows through openings in body

cnidaria

radial symmetry, nematocysts (stinging cells), gastrovascular cavity with one opening, developed muscles and nerves, medusa and polyp form

platyhelminthes

bilateral symmetry, flatworms, no body cavity, have pharynx, cephalization

nematoda

bilateral, cylindrical, complete digestive system, false body cavity, head and tail ends not distinct from each other

annelida

bilateral, segmented, complete digestive system, body cavity, developed organs, parapodia for locomotion

arthropoda

bilateral, jointed legs, exoskeleton, segmented body, specialized appendages

mollusca

bilateral, soft bodied, calcium carbonate shell, radula, move by jet propulsion with siphon or slide on muscular foot

echinodermata

5-part radial symmetry, spiny skin, endoskeleton of interlocking plated under skin, tube feet, exclusively marine

chordata

bilateral, all have notochord most have backbone, endoskeletons of bone, jaws and skulls

ectothermic vertebrate description

grouped together because they generally must regulate their body temperature by their behavior rather than by their internal metabolism

which animal groups are ectothermic vertebrates

fish, amphibians, reptiles

function of the operculum

can open and pump water over its gills and out the opening

function of the swim bladder

fills with gases from the bloodstream or digestive tract. This allows the fish to increase or decrease the amount of gas in the swim bladder as it swims deeper or higher in the water, ***maintaining neutral buoyancy*** . Because it is ***located on the*** ***dorsal side*****,** it also ***helps stabilize the fish***

function of the lateral line

thin ***dark line along the center*** of each side of most fish ***composed of sensory organs*** *that detect vibrations in the water along with direction of water currents, water temperatures, and other changes in the environment.*

 difference between neurotoxins and hemotoxins of snakes

**Neuro**toxins - paralyzes or kills **nerves**

**Hemo**toxins - prevents **blood clotting**

function of the Jacobson's Organ associated with snakes

can perform chemical analysis, chemoreception

tetrapod and how it relates to all reptiles, including exceptions to this group

a tetrapod is a four legged vertebrate. all reptiles are tetrapods, excluding snakes

process of molting

like shedding

 function of the cloaca of amphibians

cavity and exit for liquid waste (urinary system), solid waste (digestive system), and egg/sperm (reproductive system)

process of metamorphosis associated with the life cycle of  amphibians

egg, tadpole, young frog, adult frog

differences that distinguish reptiles from amphibians

reptiles have scales and their skin is dry, amphibians do not have scales and their skin is usually moist with mucus

description of an endothermic vertebrate and methods of thermoregulation

derive much of their body heat from their metabolism, often possess insulating body coverings (i.e. feathers), have complex internal mechanisms that regulate their body temperature, have involuntary regulatory mechanisms to restore proper body temperature (i.e. sweating)

which animal groups are endothermic vertebrates

birds and mammals

descriptions and differences between oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

oviparous=egg, ovoviparous=egg in tummy, viviparous=birth

 function of the hypothalamus

regulates body temp, sleep, appetite, emotions, and control of the pituitary gland

process of preening

grooming/maintenance of feathers by birds

down feather function

acts as a layer of insulation to keep the bird warm

contour feather function

defense, shape, color, insulation, and flight

function of cloaca

opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

function of furculum (wishbone)

aids in flight

chalaza

ropelike structure that holds the yolk to the center of the egg

yolk

yellow nutrients stored in an egg

albumen

egg white or protein contained in it

basic characteristics of mammals

hair, mammary glands, breathe air, four chambered heart, endotherms, internal fertilization/care for young

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Refer to the following diagrams:

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* Fish External Anatomy (Perch)
* Chicken Embryology (Egg)
* Mammal (Fetal Pig)

ok :)