ch 13 nuclear reactions

isotope

same # of protons but different # neutrons

mass defect definition and formula

difference between actual and calculated mass when forming nucleus

E = △mc²

E = binding energy

c = 3e8 m/s²

what is binding energy?

energy released when forming nucleus or energy required when breaking nucleus

nuclear fission formula

heavy nucleus + neutron —> neutrons + 2 smaller atoms + energy

nuclear fusion formula

two or more light nuclei fuse —> one large nucleus + energy

what is unique about nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?

proton and mass number conserved

radioactive decay general formula

unstable radioactive nucleus —(spontaneously decays into)—> stable element + radioactive particle

alpha decay

A|Z X —> A-4|Z-2 Y + 4|2 alpha particle

beta plus/positron decay

A|Z X —> A|Z-1 Y + 0|+1 beta plus particle

beta minus decay

A|Z X —> A|Z+1 Y + 0|-1 beta plus particle

electron capture

A|Z X + 0|-1 e —> A|Z-1 Y

gamma decay

A|Z X —> A|Z X + Y

high energy (less stable) to low energy (more stable) state

penetrating power ranking

alpha < beta < x-ray < gamma < neutron

radioactive half life formula

final mass = inital mass * (1/2)^n

n = number of half lives

radioactive half life follows what order kinetics

first order kinetics