neurological disorders (16)

encapsulated

it is hard to eliminate all cancerous cells because malignant tumors are generally not __________

infiltrating

tumors grow by __________ the surrounding tissue

encapsulated

if a tumor is __________, this generally means it is benign

benign

the majority of tumors are __________

compression, infiltration

tumors damage brain tissue by __________ or __________

compression

benign tumors can cause damage via __________ if they become too big

divide frequently

cancer is most common in cells that __________

nerve cells, do not divide

cancer does not occur in __________ because they __________

bloodstream

metastases from elsewhere in the body can reach the brain via the __________

50%

glial cells make up __________ of all cells in the brain

metastases, gliomas

2 most serious types of tumors

malignant, glial cells

gliomas are mostly __________ and originate from __________

schwann cells, connective, cranial nerves

neurinomas originate from __________ or cells of __________ tissue covering __________

blood vessels

angiomas originate from cells of __________

pineal gland

pinealomas originate from cells of the __________

subaxial

gliomas are __________ which makes them among the most dangerous tumours

subaxial

originating from inside the brain

motor cortex

tumors can cause seizures if they compress the __________

seizures

if a tumor compresses the motor cortex, it can cause __________

above-axial

meningiomas are __________

swallow

a tumor located in the dorsal pons can affect the ability to __________

ependymal, choroid plexus

__________ cells found in the __________ are responsible for producing CSF

surgery, radiation

treating tumors begins with __________; the remaining cells are targeted by __________

stereotactic radiosurgery

method for targeting a specific region with radiation in order to eliminate cancerous cells

heat

sometimes used in addition to radiation to eliminate remaining cancerous cells

high temperature/fever

seizures can be caused by __________, especially in children

seizure

a period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons in the brain

convulsion

result of neurons in the motor system becoming involved in a seizure

do not

most seizures __________ involve convulsions

alleviation of depression symptoms

it was noticed that seizures in people with depression caused __________, leading to electric shock therapy to treat depression

partial seizures

seizures with a definite focus or source of irritation; start in a particular area of the brain and stay localized in that area

localized in a motor-related area

partial seizures can include convulsions if __________

simple

seizure that does not involve a change in consciousness

change in consciousness, total loss

complex seizures involve a __________ but not a __________

generalized seizures

widespread seizures, involving most of the brain (and thus convulsions) and a loss of consciousness

grand mal

most severe form of seizure

aura, tonic, clonic, exhaustion, unresponsive sleep

grand mal seizures are often preceded by an __________, then involve __________ and __________ phases, finally leading to __________ and __________

petit mal

absence seizures are also referred to as __________

children, unresponsive

absence seizures are common in __________ and cause them to become __________

tonic-clonic

grand mal seizures are also called

breath, muscles, contract at once

the tonic phase involves a loss of __________ and the seizing of __________, causing the whole body to __________

convulsions

the clonic phase is characterized by __________

hippocampus

50% of people with seizure disorders show damage in the __________

severity, frequency

resulting brain damage is correlated with __________ and __________ of seizures

glutamate release, excitotoxin

seizure-induced brain damage is likely due to increased __________ because it is an __________

opens calcium channels, destruction of cells

increased glutamate release __________, leading to __________

scarring, injury, stroke, tumor

the most common cause of seizures is __________, due to __________, __________, or __________

idiopathic

many cases of seizure disorders are __________

drug or alcohol withdrawal

seizures can result from chronic __________

production of ion channels, calcium channels

genes that control the __________ can contribute to causing seizures; __________ in particular

anticonvulsant, GABA-ergic

seizures can be treated with __________ drugs, which are mostly __________

GABA, excitation, dampens, cognitive function

the brain responds to a seizure by producing more __________ to counteract __________; too much __________ brain activity, resulting in decreased __________

valproate

example of a GABA-ergic anticonvulsant drug to treat seizures

surgery, eliminated, frequency, improved cognition

if seizures result from a tumor, they are treated via __________; seizures are usually __________ or greatly reduced in __________, resulting in __________

hemmorhagic

stroke caused by bleeding in the brain

high blood pressure, defective blood vessels

bleeding in the brain that leads to a hemorrhagic stroke is often due to __________ or __________

ischemic

strokes caused by obstructed blood flow

thrombus

blood clot in blood vessels that leads to obstruction

embolus

piece of material that breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small to pass through

arteries

different stroke symptoms result from the occlusion of different __________

excessive glutamate

the immediate cause of neuron death is __________

glutamate release

“panic” response when cells lose access to oxygen

calcium influx

actual cause of cell death

hemorrhagic stroke

medication to reduce blood pressure is a treatment method for __________

surgery to remove clots, anticoagulant drugs

2 treatment methods for ischemic strokes

tissue plasminogen activator/tPA, desmoteplase

2 examples of anticoagulant drugs

vampire bat saliva, enzyme, blood clots, feeding

desmoteplase comes from __________, which contains an __________ that breaks down __________ which is helpful for __________

movement ability, remap

constraint-induced therapy requires at least some __________ in the affected limb; allows the brain to __________ neurons

premotor cortex

mirror neurons are located in the __________

mirror therapy

watching other people’s finger movements to improve the stroke patient’s own movements

brain-computer interfaces

allow stroke patients to control electronic or mechanical devices in cases of brain or spinal cord damage

coup

area of impact in a traumatic brain injury

contrecoup

recoil within the skull from a traumatic brain injury that can cause damage in the opposite region

open-head injury

occurs when an object fractures the skull and wounds the brain

closed-head injury

occurs from impact but not penetration of the brain

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

produces neurodegeneration due to repeated head trauma

cortex, amygdala, corpus callosum

3 brain areas highly affected by CTE

protein synthesis

CTE causes severe neurodegeneration due to changes in __________

tau proteins, alzheimer’s

CTE involves changes in the synthesis of __________, similar to __________

white matter tracts

the corpus callosum in a CTE patient’s brain shows shorter and less extensive __________

swelling, pressure, blood flow, glutamate release

traumatic brain injury is treated by reducing __________ and __________ and ensuring adequate __________ to the injured region; drugs that inhibit __________ can help

cerebrovascular accidents

strokes are also referred to as __________

cerebrovascular accidents

traumatic brain injuries are treated similarly to __________

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

fatal contagious brain disease that gives the brain a spongelike appearance due to deterioration

prions

cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

stable, enzymes, high temperatures, cell membranes, long-term memory

prions are very __________ and resistant to __________ and __________; they are important for stabilizing __________ and __________

direct contact

TSE is transmissible through __________ with infected cells

membrane

prions are found in the __________ of neurons

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

mad cow disease

scrapie

spongiform encephalopathy found in sheep

wasting disease

spongiform encephalopathy found in deer

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

spongiform encephalopathy found in humans

genetic, sporadic

TSE can be __________ but most cases are __________

apoptosis

means by which a cell “commits suicide” when there is too much accumulation of misfolded proteins

chemical signal, disrupted biochemical processes

apoptosis can be triggered externally by a __________ or internally by __________

caspases

“killer” enzymes involved in apoptosis

a-synuclein, misfolded proteins

extra copies of the gene that produces __________ increases the likelihood of __________ causing parkinson’s

L-DOPA, early stages

there is no effective treatment for parkinson’s besides giving __________ in __________, which staves off degeneration temporarily

DA, nigrostriatal

parkinson’s causes __________ neurons to die in the __________ pathway due to failure to destroy misfolded proteins

a-synuclein

protein that becomes misfolded during parkinson’s