Quizbowl Bio Terms (copy)

Glycolysis

an isomerase acts on DHAP during it

Cellulose

synthesized by a hexagonal rosette

Collagen

stained blue by Masson's stain and red by Van Gieson's stain

Kinase

a certain cascade of them is called the MAP cascade

Actin

inhibited during "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome"

Translation

ends with amber, ochre, and opal stop codons

Enzymes

their efficiency = turnover number over k sub m

Apoptosis

TUNEL assay detects DNA fragmentation associated with it

Apoptosis

can be triggered by fas ligand

Apoptosis

cytochrome c is released from mitochondria, which activates caspases

Bacteriophages

they bind to Q and N proteins during antitermination

Glycine

it is uncommon to find it or proline in an alpha helix

Prions

dominated by beta sheets instead of alpha helices

Transposons

Barbara McClintock discovered them in maize

Cysteine

papain is an example of its namesake class of proteases

Kinase

classified based on whether they work on tyrosine or serine/threonine residues

Hemoglobin

mutation in the beta chain causes sickle cell anemia

Insulin

mutations in its receptor can cause donahue syndrome or leprechaunism

Cellulose

a carboxymethyl substituted form of it is used as a cation exchange resin

Ubiquitin

PROTACs facilitate targeted addition of it

Actin

"phalloidin" derivatives are used to stain it

Histidine

along with cysteine it forms zinc fingers

Glycine

makes up one third of collagen's triple helix

RuBisCO

catalyzes photorespiration when there isn't enough carbon dioxide

Cytokinins

can be formed from the prenylation of tRNA

Glycolysis

has investment and payoff phases

DNA polymerase

can be cleaved to yield a Klenow fragment

Ubiquitin

attaches to the lysine residues of target proteins

G proteins

bind to guanosine nucleotides

Enzymes

"ping-pong mechanism" describes their behavior

Transposons

one type is caused by inverted repeats

Golgi apparatus

made up of stacks of cisternae

Transposons

one of them in primates is the Alu element

Antibodies

hybridomas create their monoclonal varieties

Ubiquitin

tags proteins for degredation by the proteasome, often called the "molecular kiss of death"

Amino Acids

Strecker synthesis produces them

Bacteriophages

Hershey-Chase (aka blender) experiment labeled them with radioactive phosphorus and sulfur

Translation

begins at AUG start codon in A site of ribosomes

Cysteine

human keratin contains a lot of it

Actin

"arp2/3" complex causes it to branch

B cells

class switching changes a class of proteins they produce

Cysteine

along with histidine it forms zinc fingers

Glycolysis

cancer cells have elevated rates of it followed by lactic acid fermentation

Antibodies

western blot uses them to mark targets

Cellulose

reinforced by lignin and pectin

T cells

"matures in the thymus"

B cells

come in plasma and memory types

Cytokinins

they bind to "AHK4"

RuBisCO

consists of eight long chains and eight short chains

Amino Acids

at biological pH they are zwitterions

DNA polymerase

elongates and joins Okazaki fragments

Insulin

produced by beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans

Insulin

regulates GLUT 4 transporters/moves GLUT 4 into cell membranes

Telomeres

can survive until the Hayflick limit, which causes senescence/aging

Hemoglobin

"proximal histidine"

Cysteine

its side chain is a thiol group, allowing it to form disulfide bonds

Translation

inosine in the third position allows wobble base pairing

B cells

targeted by rituximab

Translation

facilitated by elongation factors

Actin

"comet tails" form when pathogens use it to move around

Collagen

has a triple helix structure

Collagen

lysyl oxidase forms aldehydes during its synthesis

Cellulose

contains beta 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers

Fatty Acids

has omega-3 and omega-6 varieties

DNA polymerase

Pfu and Taq are examples used in PCR

Telomeres

their "t-loops" are protected by the "shelterin complex"

Transposons

one group of them is the Tc1/Mariner family

T cells

CD4 and CD8 decide their type

Mitochondria

uncoupling agents like thermogin interfere with one of its processes

G proteins

coupled to seven transmembrane helices

DNA polymerase

PCNA clamps it to its substrate

Insulin

c-peptide is removed during its synthesis

Cytokinins

examples include kinetin and "zeatin"

B cells

"matures in the bone marrow"

RuBisCO

most abundant enzyme on earth

Glycine

formed by removing a hydroxymethyl group from serine

Transposons

their synthetic Sleeping Beauty variant is used in vertebrates

Mitochondria

releases cytochrome c during apoptosis

Fatty Acids

they bond to glycerol

Actin

has globular/G and filamentous/F forms

Mitochondria

site of beta-oxidation, which converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA

RuBisCO

can produce 3-phosphoglycerate

T cells

recognize antigens bound to MHC

Histidine

Salmonella that can't synthesize it is used in the Ames test

Kinase

they phosphorylate proteins

Cytokinins

they oppose auxins

Bacteriophages

Luria-Delbreck experiment showed that they do not induce certain mutations

Antibodies

include different isotypes like IgM, IgG, and IgA

Amino Acids

failure to metabolize them defines maple syrup urine disease

Glycine

the only achiral amino acid

Transposons

they have LINE and SINE varieties

Prions

discovered by "Stanley Prusiner" in hamster brains

Enzymes

Michaelis-Menten equation describes their motion

Collagen

glycine makes up one third of it

T cells

HIV reduces their CD4 variety

Muscle

its functional unit is bounded by two Z lines

Histidine

its side chain has a pKa of about 6

T cells

regulated by "FOXP3"

G proteins

splits into alpha and beta-gamma subunits

Cytokinins

first discovered in coconut milk