Psych 369 Final

Which of the following orders best represents the opening and closing of channels in a neuron membrane throughout the action potential process?

	potassium channels open, potassium channels close, sodium channels open, sodium channels close
	sodium channels close, potassium channels open, potassium channels close, sodium channels open
	sodium channels open, potassium channels open, sodium channels close, potassium channels close
	sodium channels open, sodium channels close, potassium channels open, potassium channels close

sodium channels open, sodium channels close, potassium channels open, potassium channels close

According to Donald Hebb, "Neurons (or "cells") that fire together wire together"

		True
		False

True

The ___________ of a neuron is/are responsible for recieving messages, whereas the ___________ of a neuron is/are responsbile for sending messages.

	myelin sheath; nucleus
	terminal buttons; dendrites
	nucleus; myelin sheath
	dendrites; terminal buttons

dendrites; terminal buttons

Which of the following is true of a neuron during resting potential?

	Almost all of the sodium channels in the membrane are open.
	The charge of the cell is largely negative.
	The charge of the cell is slightly positive.
	Sodium ions freely flow in and out of the cell without limitations.

The charge of the cell is largely negative.

When released into the synapse, all released neurotransmitters remain in the synapse until they bind to their respective receptor site.

		True
		False

False

Motor neurons have long axons that send signals specifically to muscles.

		True
		False

True

mV is the electrical threshold that must be passed in order to fire an action potential.

	-55
	-70
	0
	+30

-55

Glutamate results in a ___________  in the neighobring neuron, and GABA results in a ___________ in the neighobring neuron.

	EPSP; IPSP
	IPSP; EPSP
	EPSP; EPSP
	IPSP; IPSP

EPSP, IPSP

A(n) ___________ decreases the likelihood the next neuron will have an action potential, whereas a(n)  ___________ increases the likelihood the next neuron will have an action potential.

	IPSP; EPSP
	Glial Cell; Neurotransmitter
	Neurotransmitter; Glial Cell
	EPSP; IPSP

IPSP; EPSP

______ activate when stimulated by a source in a person's environment.

	Motor neurons
	Sensory neurons
	Principal neurons
	Interneurons

Sensory neurons

Glial cells are responsbile for:

	insulating the axon of neurons
	transporting nutrients to neurons
	removing waste from neurons
	All of these

all of these

The refractory period of the action potential process is the period of time when the neuron is more negatively charged than it is at the resting potential.

		True
		False

True

The all or none law states:

	that either an action potential occurs or it does not, there is no in between.
	that a neuron either reacts to all neurotransmitters from a neighboring neuron or none of them.
	that either the entirety of the brain activates when a sensory goes off or none of it activates.
	that a neuron is either directly connected to all of the neurons in a system or not connected to any.

that either an action potential occurs or it does not, there is no in between.

Every neuron is responsible for transmitting messages to only a single other neuron in the system.

		True
		False

False

Long Term Potentiation (LTP) requires:

	An increase in the potential of the post synaptic cell
	A pre-synaptic signal
	Both A & B
	Neither A or B

Both A & B

When it comes to amnesia, _______ is related to the inability to form NEW memories, whereas _______ is related to the inability to access older pre-existing memories.

	Retrograde Amnesia; Anterograde Amnesia
	Nature; Nurture
	Nurture; Nature
	Anterograde Amnesia; Retrograde Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

Habituation of the defensive reflex in the Aplysia was found to be ______ and ______.

	slow; short-lasting
	slow; long-lasting
	rapid; long-lasting
	rapid; short-lasting

rapid; long-lasting

Studies have found that monkeys and rats spend _______ time looking at a novel stimulus as a familiar one.

	the same amount
	twice as much
	less
	ten times as much

twice as much

Robert Johnston (1993) tested whether or not an observer hamster could distinguish between two other hamsters, hamster A and hamster B. He used the __________ tests to measure this ability.

	preferential pheromone
	pheromone transformation
	habituation/dishabituation
	sensitization/desensitization

habituation/dishabituation

Habituation is the simplest forms of learning.

		True
		False

Question 5

true

In a simple reflex circuit when a motor response is diminished because sensitivity in the sensory receptors is diminished, it is called:

	Habituation
	Reflexive action
	Sensory adaptation
	Fatigue

Sensory adaption

During habituation studies with babies, how do scientists know when habituation occurs?

	The baby stares intently at a new object.
	Rates of sucking increase.
	The infant shows no interest in a stimulus.
	Facial stimulation and attention is intense.

Infant shows no interest in stimulus

When Sally and her sister came out of the matinee they had a hard time seeing because the sun seemed brighter than before they went into the movie theater. It will take a couple of minutes for their eyes to _______ to the incoming light.

	sensitize
	habituate
	adapt
	respond

adapt

Debbie has just moved into a new neighborhood with a number of dogs that bark at night. At first this keeps her up at night, but over time she fails to notice the barking and sleeps soundly. This phenomenon can be explained by:

	responsiveness
	fatigue
	sensitization
	habituation

habituation

When a motor neuron responsible for muscle contractions stops responding it is called __________.

	Fatigue
	Sensitization
	Habituation
	Sensory Adaption

fatigue

In habituation, sensory neurons have _______ and the motor neurons have _______ .

	action potentials; increased action potentials
	action potentials; no action potentials
	LTD; LTP
	no action potentials; no action potentialsI

action potentials; no action potentials

Habituation is reliant on pairing response to highly consequential outcomes.

		True
		False

False

Dishabituation occurs when:

	the sucking rates decrease to a new stimulus.
	infants do not show interest in a stimulus.
	infants can tell a new stimulus from an old one.
	infants cannot tell a new stimulus from an old one.

infants can tell a new stimulus from an old one.

In the Aplysia, habituation was the result of sensory adaptation.

		True
		False

False

Preferential viewing tasks may be useful in testing:

	infants
	animals
	those without the ability to comprehend language
	All of the Above

all of the above

Which of the following is FALSE?

	Habituation is specific to both a particular stimilus and specific response whereas sensization typically generalizes to a variety of stimuli and responses.
	Habituation is present in both short-term and long-term memory whereas sensization norrmally only lasts for a short-period of time.
	Habituation results in an increase in response magnitude whereas sensization results in a decrease in response magnitude.
	Habituation is specific to a particular brain circuit whereas sensization heightens response in multiple circuits.

Habituation results in an increase in response magnitude whereas sensization results in a decrease in response magnitude.

Bobby was watching a video intently for about five minutes, but then he lost interest in it and started to play with his truck. What phenomenon has occurred?

	dishabituation
	habituation
	sensory adaptation
	sensitization

habituation

Based on what you know about muscle fatigue and habituation, one way to tell the difference would be to present ________.

	a similar stimulus
	the same stimulus but for a longer period of time
	two stimuli instead of one
	a different type of startling stimulus

a different type of startling stimulus

Habituation of the defensive reflex in the Aplysia is an example of long-term memory.

		True
		False

True

If you could not remember the advertisement that is on the bus you ride to work every morning, this might suggest you experienced _________.

	sensitization
	memory fatigue
	spontaneous recovery
	habituation

habituation

The biological underpinnings of habituation and sensization are easy to test in humans as the related neural circuits are primitive and straightforward.

		True
		False

False

Habituation is a specific example of _____________ learning.

	stimulus
	nonassociative
	operant conditioning
	associative

nonassociative

Which of the following is TRUE about habituation?

	It occurs when there are high levels of motor activity.
	It is an example of associative learning.
	It is not stimulus specific.
	It can be used to test learning and memory in infants.

It can be used to test learning and memory in infants.

Habituation is considered to be:

	unrelated to both stimulus and response
	response specific but not stimulus specific
	stimulus specific but not response specific
	stimulus specific and response specific

stimulus specific and response specific

If a participant is looking at a picture of a common object drawn in a segmented line he is most likely looking at the _______.

	Wisconsin card sorting task
	Thematic apperception test
	Gollins partial pictures task
	Binet standard pictures test

Gollins partial pictures task

Perceptual skill learning can be used by teachers to assist children with language development issues by:

	stretching and amplyifing phonemes in training games.
	leveraging sensization to specific phonemes.
	using repetition priming of phonemes.

stretching and amplyifing phonemes in training games.

____________ occurs when we are able to identify stimuli that vary along a continuum as a meaningful category.

	Categorical perception
	Stimulus detection
	Categorical detection
	Stimulus perception

Categorical perception

The word stem completion task is a task used to assess the effects of repetition priming

	True
	False

True

Perceptual memory is considered a form of behavioral memory.

	True
	False

True

Human evidence of unconscious perceptual skill learning comes from studying __________.

	chess experts
	individuals who are bored
	skilled mechanics
	amnesics

amnesics

Studies with amnesic patients demonstrate that behavioral and cognitive memory are processed in the same regions of the brain.

	True
	False

False

Typically, perceptual learning does not occur in which sensory modality?

	It occurs in all senses
	Taste
	Hearing
	Vision

It occurs in all senses

Beale and Kell (1995) found that people have the greatest difficulty distinguishing morph faces of two celebrities at each end of the morphed continium, and the best performance at the middle of the continium.

	True
	False

False

When participants were able to sleep following perceptual learning, they had ______ retention of what was learned than those who were kept awake.

	much better
	extremely worse
	much worse
	similar

much better

If a monkey is trained to discriminate between small differences in sounds, researchers can expect:

	Both growth of the auditory cortex in the corresponding area and the cells in that area firing faster.
	Cells firing faster in the auditory cortex in the corresponding area.
	Monkey's being unable to learn this task.
	Growth of the auditory cortex in the corresponding area.

Both growth of the auditory cortex in the corresponding area and the cells in that area firing faster.

The ability to discriminate stimuli at a finer grain than is supported by the acuity of individual receptors is called ________.

	sensitive acuity
	supracuity
	fine acuity
	hyperacuity

hyperacuity

The patient H.M. did well at identifying the segmented pictures but he could not __________.

	physically point to the pictures
	remember what the traditional use of the object in the picture was
	remember the experience of seeing the pictures in the previous sessions
	improve in his performance at all during retest

remember the experience of seeing the pictures in the previous sessions

Déjà vu could be explained by perceptual memory as being a:

	a brand new memory that you had about a new place.
	match between current events and a similar previous experience.
	memory of a future event that you have during the present time.
	match between what you thought the event would be like and what it was really like.

match between current events and a similar previous experience.

Categorical perception of phonemes is very important to identify words across different speakers and accents

	True
	False

True

When the Conditioned Response weakens because of multiple times of Conditioned Stimulus appearing without the Unconditioned Stimulus, it is called ___________.

	the renewal effect
	spontaneous recovery
	extinction
	extinctive recovery

extinction

Simultaneous conditioning is the most effective for learning.

	True
	False

False

Conditioning is best when the Unconditioned Stimulus is presented just before the Conditioned Stimulus

	True
	False

False

A dog is trained to associate his master's car with the arrival of his master and gets excited when this happens. At the same time, the mail carrier has started to come to the house just seconds before his master comes home. If the dog gets excited when the mail truck arrives it is called  _____________.

	first-order conditioning
	second-order conditioning
	spontaneous recovery
	the renewal effect

second-order conditioning

Even though most classical conditioning studies focus on animal subjects, research suggests that humans can learn through classical conditioning as well.

	True
	False

True

Salivation in response to the food is the _______________ in Pavlov's Experiment.

	conditioned stimulus
	unconditioned response
	unconditioned stimulus
	conditioned response

unconditioned response

When a previously Conditioned Stimulus is paired with a new Neutral Stimulus enough times so that the Neutral Stimulus also becomes a Conditioned Stimulus, it is formally referred to as:

	stage 2 conditioning
	second-order conditioning
	first-order conditioning
	initial conditioning

second-order conditioning

For Pavlov to say that learning has occurred in the dogs, the conditioned stimulus would have to have been ________ before testing.

	neutral
	an unconditioned stimulus
	a second-order stimulus
	familiar

neutral

How is learning affected when the Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus are highly intense?

	Learning does not last for long
	Learning drops off after a short period of time
	Conditioning happens more quickly
	Conditioning happens more slowly

Conditioning happens more quickly

Taylor often eats their lunch in the break room at work. Now, whenever Taylor enters the break room they begin to feel hungry, even when it is not lunch time. In this example, the neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus would be:

	Hunger
	The break room
	Lunch

break room

Cindy was bitten by a German Shepherd but now she is scared of all dogs, even little ones. Cindy has ___________ her fear of German Shepherds to all dogs.

	discriminated
	substituted
	graded
	generalized

generalized

Backward Conditioning has been shown to be ineffective in learning associations in classical conditioning.

	True
	False

True

If you were conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, according to contextual conditioning what happens to the Conditioned Responses in the testing environment?

	The Conditioned Responses are not affected
	Initially the Conditioned Responses increase, then decrease
	The Conditioned Responses decrease
	The Conditioned Responses increase

The Conditioned Responses decrease

When the Condition Stimulus appears then disappears before the Unconditioned Stimulus is presented it is called ___________.

	simultaneous conditioning
	trace conditioning
	backward conditioning
	delay conditioning

trace conditioning

The time between trials of classical conditioning is called the intertrial interval (ITI).

	True
	False

True

Trace conditioning is the kind of conditioning that unconditioned stimulus is presented first and then the conditioned stimulus is presented after a period of time has elapsed.

	True
	False

False

If your cat comes running to the kitchen every time it hears the sound of the electric can opener opening a can, you can probably say that your cat _______________.

	has learned to associate the sound of the can opener with food
	has learned to associate the kitchen with food
	does not know when feeding time is
	is always hungry

has learned to associate the sound of the can opener with food

A researcher consistently pairs two Neutral Stimuli (a whistle and the smell of perfume) together prior to pairing either with an Unconditionied Stimulus. The researcher then classically conditions a dog to salivate whenever it smells the perfume. Later, the researcher realizes the dog also begins to salivate to the whistle by itself without any first-order conditioning. This is an example of:

	Second-order Conditioning
	Latent Inhibition
	Sensory Preconditioning
	Blocking

Sensory Preconditioning

A researcher places a mouse in the experimental chamber. After a baseline period, the mouse is presented with a 30 second tone followed by a 1 second shock. The Mouse "freezes" motionlessly after receiving the shock. The next day, when the researcher places a mouse in a different experiment chamber and delivers tone, mouse starts to "freeze" when it hears the tone. 

Which of the following is FALSE?

	The shock is the unconditioned stimulus
	The "freezing" reaction reflex is the unconditioned response
	The "freezing" reaction reflex is the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
	The tone is the unconditioned stimulus

The tone is the unconditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning is a form of nonassociative learning.

	True
	False

False

In a study, rats are classically conditioned to respond to a green light. During testing, if the rat only responds to the green light and not a blue light we can say that the animal has ___________ between them.

	generalized
	graded
	discriminated
	spontaneously reflected

discriminated

Pat has been successfully conditioned to flinch every time they see a red light. However, over time this conditioning becomes extinct and Pat no longer flinches when they see a red light.  A month later Pat is driving to work and they approach a red light, which results in them flinching. In this situation, we would say Pat is experiencing __________.

	spontaneous loafing
	spontaneous learning
	spontaneous recovery
	operant conditioning

spontaneous recovery

In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.

	neutral stimulus
	unconditioned stimulus
	conditioned stimulus
	second-order stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is not an example of complex (higher order) conditioning?

	contextual conditioning
	sensory preconditioning
	first-order conditioning
	blocking

first-order conditioning

If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before recieving the food and simply when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.

	unconditioned stimulus
	conditioned stimulus
	unconditioned response
	conditioned response

conditioned stimulus

f the food is paired with a bell at the exact same time in a study, Pavlov would have called this  ___________ conditioning.

	delay
	trace
	backward
	simultaneous

simultaneous

Grey is on their high school football team.  After every match, the coach makes the team run multiple laps around the field.  When the team demonstrates exceptional sportsmanlike behavior, the coach allows the team to leave early and does not make Grey run laps.  Now, Grey goes out of their way to be extra sportsmanlike in the future.  This is an example of:

	negative punishment
	positive reinforcement
	negative reinforcement
	positive punishment

negative reinforcement

Bears are taught to climb a ladder in a circus act through _________.

	stimulus reinforcement
	matching reinforcement
	response chaining
	autoshaping

response chaining

Positive punishment is when after an event occurs a favorable response is removed or restricted and negative punishment is when an aversive response is added after an event.

	False
	True

False

An example of belongingness for a cat in a puzzle box might be string or yarn pulling as cats often pull on strings or yarn when playing.

	True
	False

True

At work, Pat often takes a slow approach to completing their assignments and is often seen on their cell-phone.  This results in Pat not meeting important company deadlines for the day.  Once their boss realizes the situation, their boss makes Pat come to work early any time they notice they have not completed their workload for the day. 

In the future, Pat has begun to use their cellphone less and focusing more on making the daily company deadlines.  This is an example of:

	positive punishment
	negative reinforcement
	negative punishment
	positive reinforcement

positive punishment

Researchers stress that the negatives outcomes related to using punishment also are extremely prevalent for most forms of reinforcement as well, thus parents should use whichever method of operant conditioning they feel like in a given moment.

	True
	False

False

If you reward your dog for every sixth occurence they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

	fixed ratio
	variable interval
	fixed interval
	variable ratio

fixed ratio

River applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning when they try to decrease problematic behaviors in children diagnosed with autism. They might be in the area of ____________.

	psychoanalysis
	stress reduction
	behavior modification

behavior modification

Classical conditioning tends to be categorized as voluntary while operant conditioning tends to be categorized as involuntary.

	True
	False

True

While at the dinner table, your dog constantly patrols from person to person trying to get scraps of food.  When your dog decides on a person to target, they begin to bark at that person, who then in turn gives them some food off of their plate in order to stop the barking. In the future, when that person is present at the dinner table they immediately give your dog food off their plate to prevent barking from occurring.

In this example, the person has been conditioned to give your dog food due to _______.

	positive reinforcement
	positive punishment
	negative reinforcement
	negative punishment

negative reinforcement

Animal trainers often use shaping and response chaining to get the animals to perform complex tasks.

	True
	False

True

Taylor is doing really poorly in their math class as they often skip doing their homework.  Whenever they do not do their homework, their teacher scolds them in front of the entire class.  Now, whenever Taylor does not do their homework they simply do not go to class so that they are not embarassed in front of the other students.  This is an example of:

	classically conditioned behavior
	escape behavior
	avoidance behavior
	spontaneous recovery

avoidance behavior

According to the law of effect, when a response to a stimulus is followed by an annoying event the response should become _________.

	strengthened
	less likely to occur
	more likely to occur
	an unconditioned response

less likely to occur

The finding that animals that suffered inescapable shocks in a training phase did not attempt to avoid a shock in the testing phase in an experiment is called:

	learned helplessness
	extinction
	learned failing
	extinctive helplessness

learned helplessness

One of the major problems of using a variable interval reinforcement schedule is break-and-run response patterns that result in post-reinforcement pauses.

	True
	False

False

If Lee is being rewarded every single time they do the dishes, they are being subjected to _________.

	partial reinforcement
	complete reinforcement
	full reinforcement
	continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

Taylor is trying to teach a pigeon to peck a disk to receive a reward. They will first reward close approximations to the desired goal through ____________.

	classical conditioning
	shaping
	place learning
	cued recall

shaping

Using tokens to reward desirable actions would be an example of using a primary reinforcer.

	True
	False

False

When working with animals, foods tends to be a(n) _________reinforcer, while praise is considered to be a(n) ________ reinforcer.

	primary; secondary
	weak; strong
	secondary; primary
	operant; classical

primary; secondary

Tay got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales (sometimes they gets the bonus after three, other times they do not get the bonus until they have sold eight). They are on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

	fixed interval
	variable interval
	variable ratio
	fixed ratio

variable ratio