PSY 304 - Exam 2 Questions

According to the Chapter, anxiety is a response oriented toward the ___?

A: past

B: future

C: self

D: present

B: Future

The goal of behavioral therapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to ___?

A:identify the pattern of unconscious conflict maintaing the beahvior

B: reward the client's dependency on avoidance behaviors

C: identify the cause rooted in early Childhood

D: expose the client to the feared situation

D: expose the client to the feared situation

Until Reecently, Naveed had always enjoyed being on the highschool debate team, which had won several awards. But yesterday, as Naveed prepared for next week's event, he began to experience a heightened sense of nervousness. He noticed tightness in his chest and he felt dizzy. He had difficulty controlling his rapid breathing and began to feel an intense need to go outside for air. What symptoms was he experiencing?

A: Panic Attack

B: OCD

C: PTSD

D: agoraphobia

A: Panic Attack

Common Obsessions include thoughts about dirt and germs, aggression, failure to engage locks, and ___?

A: failure at work or school

B: Fear of unwanted pregnancy

C: inappropriate sexual relations

D: fear of embarrassment

C: inappropriate sexual relations

Sandra is being treated by a psychologist for her body dysmorphic disorder. At the beginning of treatment, the psychologist explaints that by checking her appearance in the mirror when she experiences anxiety, she is actually experiencinga temporary relief that the reinforces more checking in the future to relieve anxiety. What perspective is the psychologist working from?

A: behavioral perspective

B: cognitive perspective

C: biological perspective

D: psychodynamic perspective

A: behavioral perspective

Ester used to pick at mosquito bites when she was younger to feel better. After her parents got divorced, she started picking at her arm to the point of it bleeding. That turned into picking scabs, and now she picks her skin automatically when she is nervous. What is er diagnosis?

A: excoriation disorder

B: tricotillomania

C: BDD

D: generalized anxiety disorder

A: excoriation disorder

Which of the following would be the diagnosis if an individual intentionally fabricated physical or psychological illness?

A: Hypochondriasis

B: BDD

C: facitious disorder

D: conversion disorder

C: facitious disorder

Julia has described symptoms that are consistent with mania to her new psychologist. her psychologist might ask her questions about what to determine if Julia is in fact experiencing an episode of mania?

A:Pressured or rapid Speech

B: lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities

C: a persistent sense of hopeless ness

D: uncontrollable crying

A: pressured or rapid speech

Seligman's learned helpessness concept has been used as a framework for explaining the contribution of negative, inescapable events/environments to ______ in some people.

A: Cyclothymic Disorder

B: Hypomanic disorder

C: Bipolar disorder

D: major depressive disorder

D: major depressive disorder

Bobby is a student in college and is about to give a big presentation and suddenly notices his heart is racing, he's breathing rapidly and he has a loss of appetite. After the presentation ends, his body gradually returns to normal and he feels calm again. What is happening?

A: Both nervous systems are equally active during and after the presentation.

B: The parasympathetic nervous system is active the entire time .

C: Increased parasympathetic nervous system activation before his presentation and then sympathetic nervous system activation after.

D: Increased sympathetic nervous system activation before his presentation and then parasympathetic nervous system activation after.

D: Increased sympathetic nervous system activation before his presentation and then parasympathetic nervous system activation after.

Rachel experiences a sudden episode of intense fear in a store, including heart palpitations, dizziness and fear of dying. In the following weeks, Rachel becomes preoccupied with fear of another episode and begins avoiding stores. What would most likely be Rachel diagnosis?

A: Generalized anxiety disorder

B: Panic attack

C: Panic disorder

D: PTSD

C: panic disorder

Susie has a severe phobia of dog bites after she was bit as a child. She now feels anxious when seeing a dog on TV. Her therapist explained that this fear developed because she learned to associate dogs with danger after being bit. What perspective best explains Susie's anxiety?

A: Behavioral

B: Cognitive

C:psychodynamic

D: biological

A: behavioral

Daisy has been going through some financial difficulties recently. Last Saturday, when she went to Walmart, she realized she would have to choose between formula and diapers. Daisy hid the box of formula in her purse. Daisy spent the rest of the day feeling guilty for what she had done. Is Daisy experiencing kleptomania?

A: Yes, because she stole from the store

B: No, Sally is experiencing symptoms of pyromania

C: No, because what she stole was an essential, and she did not experience relief from stealing it

C: No, because what she stole was an essential, and she did not experience relief from stealing it

Which theory explains OCD as resulting from learned fears through conditioning and maintained by reinforcement?

A: Behavioral

B: Biological

C: Cognitive

D: Psychodynamic

A: behavioral

Which of the following must be present for a diagnosis of pyromania?

A: Fire-setting for financial gain

B: Lack of interest in fire

C: Tension before setting fires and pleasure afterward

D: Fire-setting explained by antisocial personality disorder

C: Tension before setting fires and pleasure afterward

Somatic symptom disorder is less focused on the _____ and more focused on the _____.

A: physical symptoms; neurological symptoms

B:type of somatic symptom; reaction to the somatic symptom

C: reaction to the somatic symptom; type of somatic symptom

D: neurological symptoms; physical symptoms

B: type of somatic symptom; reaction to the somatic symptom

Which of the following must be true for a diagnosis of functional neurological symptom disorder?

A: Clinical findings show incompatibility between symptoms and known medical conditions.

B: The patient must demonstrate no emotional reaction to their symptoms.

C: Clinical findings show compatibility between symptoms and known medical conditions.

D: The patient must have objective evidence of at least 3 different neurological symptoms.

A: Clinical findings show incompatibility between symptoms and known medical conditions.

Someone with illness anxiety disorder is _____ about having an illness despite ______.

A: preoccupied; having neurologically focused symptoms

B: unconcerned; medical reassurance to the contrary

C: preoccupied; medical reassurance to the contrary

D: unconcerned; having neurologically focused symptoms

C: preoccupied; medical reassurance to the contrary

Malingering involves ____ producing symptoms for ____.

A: deliberately; no personal gain

B: deliberately; personal gain

C: unintentionally; no personal gain

D unintentionally; personal gain

B: deliberately; personal gain

Factitious disorder is characterized by the production of signs or symptoms of illness driven by a ______.

A: need to be in a sick role

B: desire for financial gain

C: necessity for food or shelter

D: wish to avoid work

A: need to be in a sick role

Research has suggested which of the following regarding somatic symptom and related disorders?

A: Rates are higher in children.

B: There is a higher rate of medical care utilization among this population.

C: Rates are higher in males.

D: There is a higher rate of work productivity among this population.

B: There is a higher rate of medical care utilization among this population.

Which of the following is the most significant challenge to the treatment of somatic symptom and related disorders?

A: The patient's unwillingness to discuss their physical symptoms

B: The treatment of comorbid substance use disorders

C: The patient's continued attempts to gain external rewards

D: The patient's reluctance to acknowledge possible psychological causes of symptoms

D: The patient's reluctance to acknowledge possible psychological causes of symptoms

After repeatedly failing exams despite studying, David stops trying altogether and believes there is nothing he can do to improve his performance. Which concept best explains David's behavior?

A: Learned Helplessness

B: Self- Actualization

C: Positive Reinforcement

D. Cognitive Dissonance

A: Learned Helplessness

Andy experiences a week-long period where he sleeps only 2 hours a night, spends excessive amounts of money, becomes highly irritable, and is hospitalized due to risky behavior. Which diagnosis is most appropriate?

A: Bipolar 1

B: Bipolar 2

C: Cyclothymic Disorder

D: Major Depressive disorder

A: Bipolar Disorder

A therapist is helping a client with depression improve communication skills and resolve ongoing conflicts in close relationships. Which therapy is being used?

A: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

B. Psychodynamic Therapy

C. Interpersonal Therapy

D. Exposure Therapy

C. Interpersonal Therapy

Maria reports periods of extreme energy lasting about 4 days where she sleeps very little, feels unusually confident, and talks rapidly. These are followed by episodes of deep depression. Which diagnosis best fits Maria's symptoms?

A. Major Depressive Disorder

B. Bipolar I Disorder

C. Bipolar II Disorder

D. Cyclothymic Disorder

C. Bipolar II Disorder

A clinician is treating a client with depression by helping them identify negative thought patterns ("I'm a failure") and replace them with more realistic thoughts. Which treatment approach is being used?

A. Psychodynamic Therapy

B. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

C. Interpersonal Therapy

D. Electroconvulsive Therapy

B. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Someone with illness anxiety disorder may perform which excessive health-related behavior?

A; Avoidance behaviors about severe somatic symptoms

B: Reassurance seeking about mild somatic symptoms

C: Reassurance seeking about severe somatic symptoms

D: Medication compliance with mild somatic symptoms

B: Reassurance seeking about mild somatic symptoms

Which of the following would NOT be evidence of factitious disorder?

A: Excessive research on cancer symptoms to alleviate anxiety about getting cancer

B: Mouthwash applied to a wound to prevent it from healing

C: Excessive laxative use to present with chronic diarrhea to a hospital

D: Red candy put in a urine sample to mimic blood

A: Excessive research on cancer symptoms to alleviate anxiety about getting cancer

Sofia has been pulling hair from her scalp and eyebrows for several years. She notices that the urges are strongest when she feels stressed or anxious, and sometimes she feels a sense of tension before pulling and relief afterward. She often hides bald patches with hats or makeup because she is embarrassed. Despite trying therapy, she finds it difficult to stop, and her behavior interferes with social interactions. Whats her Diagnosis?

A: excoriation

B: OCD

C: tricotillomania

D: BDD

C: tricotillomania

During a late-night walk, Jordan suddenly hears loud footsteps quickly approaching from behind. His heart begins to race, his breathing becomes faster, and his muscles tense as he prepares to react. After realizing it was just a friend trying to catch up, his body gradually relaxes and returns to normal. Which statement best explains how the nervous system controlled Jordan's bodily responses?

A: The PNS increased heart rate and breathing, while the SNS later calmed the body down.

B. The SNS triggered the increased heart rate and muscle tension, and the PNS helped the body return to a relaxed state.

C. Both the systems worked together to increase heart rate and breathing during the stressful situation.

B. The SNS triggered the increased heart rate and muscle tension, and the PNS helped the body return to a relaxed state.

Before giving a big presentation, Taylor feels worried that she might mess up (thinking), notices her heart beating fast and her hands sweating (body reaction), and keeps checking her notes over and over (behavior). Which option correctly identifies the three components of anxiety shown in this scenario?

A. Cognitive, somatic, and behavioral

B. Emotional, muscular, and neurological components

C. Psychological, environmental, and social components

D. Cognitive, emotional, and personality components

A. Cognitive, somatic, and behavioral

Sam feels extra nervous before competitions because his family strongly emphasizes winning, while his teammate Lee feels nervous mainly because she is naturally shy. What explains the difference in how they experience anxiety?

A. Anxiety only comes from physical fitness

B. Sociocultural and individual factors influence anxiety expression

C. Anxiety is the same for everyone

D. Only age affects anxiety

B. Sociocultural and individual factors influence anxiety expression

During a stressful exam, Maria suddenly feels her heart racing, starts sweating, feels dizzy, and thinks she might be having a heart attack. Which of the following best describes what Maria is experiencing?

A. General worry about the exam

B. A panic attack

C. Depression

D. Mild nervousness that will go away in a few seconds

B. A panic attack

Alex has been having repeated panic attacks for the past several months. He constantly worries about when the next attack will happen and avoids going to crowded places because he fears another attack. Which condition does Alex most likely have?

A. Generalized anxiety disorder

B. Panic disorder

C. Social anxiety disorder

D. Specific phobia

B. Panic disorder

Jamal repeatedly checks the door lock 10 times before leaving his house because he is afraid someone will break in. He also can't stop thinking about germs on his hands. Which statement best describes his symptoms?

A. Jamal has obsessions and compulsions

B. Jamal has obsessions only

C. Jamal has compulsions only

D. Jamal's behavior is just normal caution

A. Jamal has obsessions and compulsions

Lena spends hours each day checking her appearance in mirrors, constantly worrying that her nose looks "wrong," even though others see nothing unusual. She also avoids social events because of this concern. What is her diagnosis

A: Generalized anxiety disorder

B: OCD

C: body dysmorphic disorder

D: agoraphobia

C: body dysmorphic disorder

Maria keeps stacks of newspapers, clothes, and old boxes in her apartment, making it difficult to walk through her rooms. She feels extreme distress at the thought of throwing anything away, even when items are broken or useless.

Which statement best describes her behavior?

A. Maria has typical cluttering habits

B. Maria is likely exhibiting hoarding disorder

C. Maria has OCD just not focused on cleanliness

D. Maria's behavior is a sign of normal sentimental attachment

B. Maria is likely exhibiting hoarding disorder

Jordan repeatedly pulls out hair from their scalp and eyebrows, especially when feeling stressed, even though they try to stop. Over time, this has caused noticeable bald patches and distress about their appearance. What is their diagnosis?

A: trichotillomania

B: BDD

C: OCD

D: excoriation

A: trichotillomania

Chris feels an irresistible urge to set small fires and experiences tension beforehand and relief afterward. Meanwhile, Taylor often steals items from stores without needing them and feels relief after taking them, even though the items have little value. Neither engages in these behaviors for financial gain or revenge. Which statement best differentiates their conditions?

A. Chris has kleptomania and Taylor has pyromania

B. Chris has pyromania and Taylor has kleptomania

C. Both Chris and Taylor have OCD

D. Both behaviors are motivated purely by financial gain

B. Chris has pyromania and Taylor has kleptomania

Alex has OCD. Research shows certain brain areas are overactive, and he also washes his hands repeatedly because it temporarily reduces his anxiety. Which explanation best describes the causes of his OCD?

A: OCD is caused only by culture

B: OCD is caused only by poor parenting

C: OCD is caused only by personal choice

D: OCD is caused by both biological factors and psychological factors

D: OCD is caused by both biological factors and psychological factors

For the past month, Riley has felt sad most of the day, lost interest in activities she used to enjoy, has trouble sleeping, and feels very tired and worthless. These symptoms have made it hard for her to keep up with schoolwork. Which condition best explains Riley's symptoms?

A. Normal mood changes

B. Major depressive disorder

C. Panic disorder

D. Specific phobia

B. Major depressive disorder

Maria witnessed a violent assault. Months later, she experiences flashbacks, feels detached from others, avoids the location where it happened, has trouble sleeping, and feels irritable most days. Which of the following best describes her condition?

A: PTSD

B: Generalized anxiety disorder

C: Obsessive-compulsive disorder

D: Social anxiety disorder

A: PTSD

Chris has felt mildly depressed most days for over 2 years but is still able to complete daily responsibilities. What should his diagnosis be?

A: Persistent depressive disorder

B: Major depressive disorder

C: sadness

D: Generalized anxiety disorder

A: Persistent depressive disorder

In the week before her menstrual period, Taylor experiences severe irritability, mood swings, and sadness that interfere with her daily activities. Her symptoms improve a few days after her period begins. Which condition best explains Taylor's symptoms?

A: Panic disorder

B: Persistent depressive disorder

C: Major depressive disorder

D: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

D: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

After giving birth, Jordan feels extremely sad, very tired, and has difficulty bonding with her baby. These symptoms last for several weeks and interfere with daily functioning. Which condition best explains Jordan's symptoms?

A: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

B: Generalized anxiety disorder

C: Depressive disorder with peripartum onset

D: Specific phobia

C: Depressive disorder with peripartum onset

In addition to feeling very sad and losing interest in activities, Jordan has difficulty concentrating, often feels hopeless about the future, and sometimes thinks life is not worth living. Which of the following describes associated features of major depressive disorder shown in this example?

A: Increased energy and confidence

B: Improved motivation and focus

C: Feeling excited most of the day

D: Difficulty concentrating, hopelessness, and thoughts of death

D: Difficulty concentrating, hopelessness, and thoughts of death

Alex has been feeling unusually energetic, talks more than usual, and starts several new projects in a short period of time. These changes last for several days, but they don't cause serious problems at work or with relationships. Which condition best describes Alex's current state?

A: Major depressive episode

B: Full manic episode

C: Hypomanic episode

D: Anxiety disorder

C: Hypomanic episode

Liam, a 10-year-old, has frequent and severe temper outbursts that seem out of proportion to the situation. Between outbursts, he is irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, for over a year. These behaviors cause problems at school and at home. Which condition best explains Liam's symptoms?

A: Oppositional defiant disorder

B: Bipolar I disorder

C: Major depressive disorder

D: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

D: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Sophie often explodes in anger over minor problems, yelling or throwing things at home and school. Between outbursts, she is irritable most of the time. These behaviors have lasted for over a year and interfere with her friendships and schoolwork. Which condition best fits Sophie's symptoms?

A: Oppositional defiant disorder

B: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

C: Conduct disorder

D: Bipolar disorder

B: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

James feels hopeless, believes he is worthless, and interprets small setbacks as major failures. His therapist helps him identify and challenge these negative thought patterns. Which theory best explains the focus of James's treatment?

A: Psychodynamic theory

B: Behavioral theory

C: Cognitive theory

D: Biological theory

C: Cognitive theory

Maria feels persistent sadness after the loss of a loved one. Her therapist suggests that unresolved unconscious conflicts from early life may contribute to her depression. Which theory does this explanation reflect?

A: Behavioral theory

B: Psychodynamic theory

C: Cognitive theory

D: Biological theory

B: Psychodynamic theory

Another therapist focuses on how Maria has stopped engaging in enjoyable activities and suggests increasing reinforcement for positive behaviors to improve her mood. Which theory does this approach reflect?

A: Psychodynamic theory

B: Behavioral theory

C: Cognitive theory

D: Biological theory

B: Behavioral theory

Alex constantly thinks, “I always fail at everything.” His therapist helps him identify this negative thought and replace it with more balanced thinking, such as, “Sometimes I succeed, sometimes I fail, and that’s normal.” Which therapy approach is Alex using?

A: Behavioral activation

B: Interpersonal psychotherapy

C: Cognitive behavioral therapy

D: Psychoanalysis

C: Cognitive behavioral therapy

Jordan has been feeling depressed since a fight with a close friend. Her therapist focuses on improving her communication skills, resolving conflicts, and building stronger relationships. Which therapy approach best describes this treatment?

A: Interpersonal psychotherapy

B: Behavioral activation

C: Exposure therapy

D: Cognitive behavioral therapy

A: Interpersonal psychotherapy

Samantha constantly worries about work, her health, and her family, even when there is no immediate reason for concern. Her anxiety lasts most days for several months and makes it hard to focus or relax. Which condition best explains Samantha's symptoms?

A: Panic Disorder

B: Illness anxiety disorder

C: social anxiety disorder

D: Generalized anxiety disorder

D: Generalized anxiety disorder

Jordan was mugged at gunpoint last year. Since then, he avoids walking alone at night, has trouble sleeping, feels jumpy when hearing loud noises, and constantly checks doors and windows. Which symptoms are consistent with PTSD?

A: Only low mood and lack of interest

B: Panic attacks unrelated to the trauma

C: Compulsive rituals unrelated to trauma

D: Avoidance, hyperarousal, and re-experiencing the traumatic event

D: Avoidance, hyperarousal, and re-experiencing the traumatic event

Liam often feels tense, restless, and has trouble sleeping. He worries most days about work deadlines, his family's health, and minor daily tasks. He also feels nervous during meetings but not only when speaking in front of others. Which disorder best explains Liam's symptoms?

A: Panic Disorder

B: Illness anxiety disorder

C: social anxiety disorder

D: Generalized anxiety disorder

D: Generalized anxiety disorder

Liam feels extremely anxious before giving a presentation at work. He worries that everyone will judge him and avoid eye contact, and his heart races during the meeting. Which condition best explains Liam's symptoms?

A: Panic Disorder

B: Generalized Anxiety Disorder

C: Social Anxiety

D: Specific Phobias

C: Social Anxiety

Maria becomes extremely anxious when near dogs, heights, and confined spaces. Which of the following best describes the subtypes of specific phobias that Maria may be experiencing?

A: Animal type, natural environment type, and situational type

B: Social type, panic type, and obsessive type

C: Generalized anxiety type, social type, and situational type D: Blood-injection-injury type only

A: Animal type, natural environment type, and situational type

Sophie talks normally at home with her family but is completely unable to speak in her classroom or with other children at school, despite understanding and wanting to communicate. Which condition best explains Sophie's symptoms?

A: Social Anxiety Disorder

B: Specific Phobia

C: Selective Mutism

D: Generalized Anxiety Disorder

C: Selective Mutism

Liam, age 8, cries and complains of stomachaches every morning before school because he does not want to be away from his parents. Which disorder best describes Liam's symptoms?

A: Social anxiety disorder

B: Panic disorder

C: Generalized anxiety disorder

D: Separation anxiety disorder

D: Separation anxiety disorder

When Alex sees blood during a medical procedure, he feels faint, his heart rate drops, and he almost faints. Which statement best explains Alex's physiological response?

A: This is typical anxiety, with increased heart rate

B: Blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia

C: Panic disorder

D: Specific Phobias

B: Blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia

After surviving a car accident, Alex experiences nightmares about the crash, avoids driving or even being near cars, feels constantly on edge, and has trouble concentrating. Which disorder best explains Alex's symptoms?

A: Illness anxiety disorder

B: Panic Disorder

C: Posttraumatic stress disorder

D: generalized anxiety disorder

C: Posttraumatic stress disorder

Sophie feels very anxious whenever she is away from her partner. She constantly calls to check on them and avoids going on trips because of fear of separation. Which disorder best explains Sophie’s symptoms?

A: Obsessive-compulsive disorder

B: Separation anxiety disorder

C: Specific phobia

D: Major depressive disorder

B: Separation anxiety disorder

Which type of event is most likely to lead to posttraumatic stress disorder?

A: Experiencing a natural disaster, violent assault, or combat B: Losing a minor argument

C: Losing your job

D: Watching a sad movie

A: Experiencing a natural disaster, violent assault, or combat

Jordan experiences persistent anxiety, often feeling tense without knowing why. His therapist suggests that these feelings may come from unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood. Which explanation reflects the psychodynamic theory of anxiety?

A: Anxiety arises from learned avoidance behaviors

B: Anxiety arises from distorted thoughts about danger

C: Anxiety arises from unresolved unconscious conflicts and early life experiences

D: Anxiety is caused solely by brain chemistry

C: Anxiety arises from unresolved unconscious conflicts and early life experiences

After a dog bite, Mia avoids dogs entirely and feels intense fear whenever she sees one. Her therapist explains that her fear is maintained by avoiding dogs, which prevents her from learning that dogs can be safe. Which theory best explains Mia's anxiety?

A: Psychodynamic theory

B: Behavioral theory

C: Cognitive theory

D: Biological theory

B: Behavioral theory

Alex constantly overestimates the likelihood of negative events happening and interprets minor bodily sensations as dangerous. Which theory best explains Alex's anxiety?

A: Psychodynamic theory

B: Behavioral theory

C: Cognitive theory

D: Biological theory

C: Cognitive theory

Sarah has persistent intrusive thoughts that her hands are contaminated. To relieve her anxiety, she washes her hands repeatedly. Each time she washes, her anxiety decreases temporarily, which makes her repeat the behavior whenever she feels worried. Which principle best explains why Sarah continues washing her hands?

A: Positive reinforcement, because washing hands gives her a reward

B: Punishment, because washing decreases anxiety

C: Negative reinforcement, because washing reduces her anxiety

D: Modeling, because she learned it by watching someone else

C: Negative reinforcement, because washing reduces her anxiety

After a traumatic assault, Jordan avoids places and activities that remind him of the event and experiences flashbacks when triggered. His therapist explains that avoidance keeps his fear strong, and his catastrophic thoughts about safety worsen his distress. Which theories are being applied here?

A: Behavioral theory and cognitive theory

B: Psychodynamic theory only

C: Cognitive theory only

D: Biological theory only

A: Behavioral theory and cognitive theory

Maria develops PTSD after witnessing a violent assault. A therapist suggests her symptoms may reflect repressed trauma and unresolved unconscious conflicts resurfacing in dreams and flashbacks. Which theoretical perspective is this?

A: Cognitive theory

B: Behavioral theory

C: Psychodynamic theory

D: Biological theory

C: Psychodynamic theory

Maria is afraid of elevators after a scary experience. Her therapist gradually exposes her to elevators in a controlled way while helping her manage anxiety. Which treatment is being used?

A: Behavioral exposure therapy

B: Psychodynamic therapy

C: Interpersonal psychotherapy

D: Hypnosis

A: Behavioral exposure therapy

Alex constantly worries about work deadlines and interprets minor mistakes as disasters. His therapist helps him identify these negative thoughts and practice more balanced thinking, while gradually facing situations that trigger his worry. Which treatment is being used?

A: Psychoanalysis

B: Cognitive behavioral therapy

C: Interpersonal psychotherapy

D: Mindfulness meditation only

B: Cognitive behavioral therapy

James has repeated thoughts that he left the stove on. To relieve the distress, he goes back to the kitchen to check it multiple times. Each time he checks and sees the stove is off, he feels temporary relief, which makes him keep checking whenever he worries. Which principle explains James's repeated checking?

A: Positive Reinforcement

B: Punishment

C: Negative Reinforcement

D: Checking

C: Negative Reinforcement