Physics Chapter 2 - Adler

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Energy

The ability to do work.

Mass

The quantity of matter contained in an object.

Weight

The force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity.

Kilogram - 1000 grams.

The unit of mass. Also, break it down.

Substance

A material that has a definite and constant composition.

Mixture

When two or more substances are combined they form a ________.

Element

A simple substance is known as a(an) _________.

Compound

A complex substance is known as a(an) ___________.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means.

Compound

When two or more elements are chemically united in definite proportion.

Compounds

Water and salt are both examples of __________.

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that still possesses the chemical properties of that element.

Molecule

When two or more atoms are chemically united they form a __________ which is the smallest particle of a compound that still possesses the characteristics of the compound.

Joule (J)

The unit of energy is ________.

Radiation

When energy is emitted and transferred through matter, it is called ________.

E = Energy, m = Mass, c = constant (the speed of light in a vacuum). It is the Theory of Relativity created by Albert Einstein.

What does each letter in E=mc² stand for? What is this theory, and who created it?

The Law of Conservation

The law states: ‘The sum total of all matter and energy in the universe is a constant: Matter and energy can not be created or destroyed but they can be converted from one form to another.’ What law is this?

Matter

When atoms come together they create _________.

Atoms

When you combine protons, neutrons, and electrons you get __________.

Protons carry a positive charge (+). Neutrons carry a neutral charge (0). Electrons carry a negative charge (-).

Name the charge of a proton, a neutron, and an electron.

It would be 1.

The atomic number or Z number directly correlates with the number of protons in an element (more specifically the nucleus of the element).

If hydrogen only has one proton, what is its atomic number?

An entirely new element.

For example - Radium (Z#88) will decay slowly over time to form Radon (Z#86).

If an element looses or gains a *proton* (rare occurrence in nature) it becomes __________.

Isotope

Deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen. It contains the same number of protons but not the same number of neutrons.

When an atom gains or looses a *neutron* it becomes a(an) __________.

Ion

Also known as becoming ionized or the process of ionization.

If an atom gains or looses an *electron* it is called a(an) ________.

Nuclear fusion - (like in the sun) fuses nuclei together to make bigger ones.

Nuclear fission - (in reactors of bombs) splits large nuclei into smaller ones.

Radioactive decay - (like alpha decay) can reduce protons.

• Ordinary heating, electricity or chemistry wont touch protons - you need high-energy nuclear events.

• Protons are the hardest to change out of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

• Changing protons means to change the element itself.

Different ways an atom can gain or loose protons in an atom?

Radioactive decay - (beta decay can turn a neutron into a proton or vice versa).

Nuclear reactions - (neutron bombardments in reactors or particle accelerators).

• Medium difficulty to change.

• Neutrons aren’t affected by everyday chemical changes. You need nuclear level energy.

• Changing the number of neutrons changes the isotope of the element, but it stays the same element chemically.

• Changing the neutrons makes an isotope.

Different ways to gain or loose neutrons in an atom?

Ionization - (high voltage, heat, light, or radiation knocks electrons off).

Chemical reactions - (e.g., metals lose electrons, nonmetals gain electrons).

Electrolysis or friction - (static electricity) can also strip or add electrons.

• Easiest and most common to change of the three.

• Changing the number of electrons makes an Ion. It changes the charge of the atom (which is ionization), but not the element itself.

Different ways to gain or loose electrons from an atom?

The amount of protons in the element’s nucleus.

The atomic number or ‘Z number’ is directly proportional to __________.

Negative

Because electrons have a negative charge.

This means the atom has an extra negative charge.

When an electron is added to an atom that atom becomes a __________ ion.

Positive

Because electrons have a negative charge.

This means the atom has an extra positive charge.

When an electron is removed from an atom that atom becomes a _________ ion.

Ionizing

Ionizing radiation can cause serious disruptions in metabolic relationships within the body.

Exposing a patient to XR is particularly dangerous because we are using powerful beams of ____________ radiation.

The unit of measurement for atomic mass.

The atomic mass is the mass of the whole element. The sum of the protons and neutrons, but not electrons because they have basically no weight because they are so small/light compared to neutrons and protons.

• The AMU lets us measure how heavy atoms are without using awkward kilogram fractions.

E.g., 1 AMU is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The Atomic Number or Z Number tells you the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The Atomic Mass Unit (or AMU) is ____________.

The ‘Z’ comes from the German word Zahl, meaning ‘number’.

Why is the atomic mass number also referred to as the Z number?

Atomic Number (Z) - Number of protons in the nucleus.

Mass Number (A) - Number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus.

What is the difference between the Atomic Number (Z) and the Mass Number (A)?

Shell

The distance from the nucleus determines the energy level or the _______ that the electron occupies.

Electron binding energy (Eb).

The _____________ of an electron is defined as that amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the atom.

Higher

The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the ________ the electron binding energy is and the more difficult it is to remove the electron from the atom.

K(aka 1)

The orbital shell closes to the nucleus is the ____ shell.

Q(aka 7)

The furthest shell from the nucleus is the _______ shell.

2n²

E.g., K = 2(1)² = 2

L = 2(2)² = 8

M = 2(3)² = 18

-and so on until you reach Q.

The maximum number of electrons that can occupy any given shell is determined by the equation ________.