Chemical Compositions + Nutrition of Microorganisms

Composition of viruses

nucleic acid, proteins, lipids and carbs

Nucleic acids of virus

encode proteins not made by host cell (at least for nucleic acid synthesis)

Enzymes essential for replication (virus)

transcriptase, nuclease + ligase

Enzymes not essential for replication (virus)

kinases, dehydrogenases, phosphatases, neuraminidase + lysozyme

Capsid proteins of virus

resistance to proteolytic enzymes, protect genome, receptor affinity, antigenic, symmetry

Core proteins of virus

related to nucleic acid, specific viral enzymes

Early proteins of viruses

not structural elements, adjust transcriptions of later proteins + influence cell cycle

Precursor proteins of virus

can be cleaved by enzymes into more specific smaller proteins

Late proteins of virus are

structural elements

Lipids of virus

part of envelope, originate from phospho + glycolipids specific to host cell

Sugars of virus

glycoprotein of envelope, links to receptors + antigens + antibodies

Chemical composition of bacteria are __________ controlled + all processes associated with ______ and ________

genetically, adaptation and survival

Role of free water in bacteria

dispersion medium

Mineral substances of bacteria are important in

bacterial cell life

Bacterial simple sugars have role in ___________ and complex sugars have role i __________

metabolism, structure

Examples of simple vs complex bacterial proteins

simple - albumin
complex - heteroprotein

What components can be used for bacterial identification?

particular sugar, proteic metabolism

Which bacteria contains more lipids?

Mycobacterium

Pigmentogenesis depends on

species and cultivation conditions

Chromophore

pigment in bacterial cytoplasm

Parachromophore

pigment in bacterial wall

Chromopar

pigment released into medium (bacteria)

Role of bacterial pigments

UV protection, enzymatic + antibiotic

Where are bacterial enzymes released in ecto + extracellular sites

ecto- cytoplasmic membrane
extra- in medium

Classification of bacterial enzymes

according to activity site, catalyzed rxn and how they are released

Constitutive vs adaptative release of bacterial enzymes

constitutive- always in cell
adaptative- made by bacteria in response to enviro

Bacteriocins

proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s)

Examples of vitamins produced by some bacterial species

thiamine, biotin, vitamins B+K

Bacterial growth factors

essential metabolites that bacteria can not synthesize

Bacterial nutrition

assimilation of nutrients necessary for metabolism, from the external environment

Hyphae's role in fungal nutrition

absorbs nutrients (high SA, continuous growth)

Roots' role in fungal nutrition

penetrates into host cell, direct access to glucose, absorption from soil

Essential fungal enzyme

cellulase

In simple diffusion how does nutrient enter bacterial cell?

thru pores on cell wall/cytoplasmic membrane

How does carrier protein permease transport nutrients in bacterial facilitated diffusion?

catches nutrients from outside cell, changes its confirmation + internalizes it, returns to original shape

The carrier protein binds the nutrient particle and needs energy to internalize it - which type of transport?

active transport

Group translocation (bacteria)

cells exchange organic substances w/ outside medium

Types of group translocation

exocytosis - release of foreign substances
endocytosis - substances enter thru vesicles (receptor mediated)
pinocytosis - drop of nutrient suspended in cytoplasm

Microaerophiles

grow only in presence of reduced amounts of O2, ex spirochetes

Metabolism

totality of biochem processes by which cell obtains its plastic and energy material from enviro

Anabolism

consumes energy for synthesis, phototrophic or chemotrophic

Catabolism

degradative, from rxns, an/aerobic respiration + fermentation

Parasites are unable to synthesize their own food:

heterotrophs, obtain nutrition directly from host

Amoebas (how do they get nutrients)

pseudopods for food ingestion using pinocytosis+somes

Protozoa (how do they get nutrients)

absorb complex substances in solution thru osmosis

Intestinal flatworms (how do they get nutrients)

absorb nutrients in solution (no digestive organs)

Intestinal roundworms (how do they get nutrients)

biting + chewing tissue, blood sucking, thru digestive tract (+ enzymes)