Chemical Compositions + Nutrition of Microorganisms

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Composition of viruses

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1

Composition of viruses

nucleic acid, proteins, lipids and carbs

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2

Nucleic acids of virus

encode proteins not made by host cell (at least for nucleic acid synthesis)

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3

Enzymes essential for replication (virus)

transcriptase, nuclease + ligase

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4

Enzymes not essential for replication (virus)

kinases, dehydrogenases, phosphatases, neuraminidase + lysozyme

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5

Capsid proteins of virus

resistance to proteolytic enzymes, protect genome, receptor affinity, antigenic, symmetry

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6

Core proteins of virus

related to nucleic acid, specific viral enzymes

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7

Early proteins of viruses

not structural elements, adjust transcriptions of later proteins + influence cell cycle

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8

Precursor proteins of virus

can be cleaved by enzymes into more specific smaller proteins

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9

Late proteins of virus are

structural elements

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10

Lipids of virus

part of envelope, originate from phospho + glycolipids specific to host cell

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11

Sugars of virus

glycoprotein of envelope, links to receptors + antigens + antibodies

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12

Chemical composition of bacteria are __________ controlled + all processes associated with ______ and ________

genetically, adaptation and survival

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13

Role of free water in bacteria

dispersion medium

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14

Mineral substances of bacteria are important in

bacterial cell life

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15

Bacterial simple sugars have role in ___________ and complex sugars have role i __________

metabolism, structure

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16

Examples of simple vs complex bacterial proteins

simple - albumin complex - heteroprotein

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17

What components can be used for bacterial identification?

particular sugar, proteic metabolism

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18

Which bacteria contains more lipids?

Mycobacterium

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19

Pigmentogenesis depends on

species and cultivation conditions

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20

Chromophore

pigment in bacterial cytoplasm

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21

Parachromophore

pigment in bacterial wall

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22

Chromopar

pigment released into medium (bacteria)

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23

Role of bacterial pigments

UV protection, enzymatic + antibiotic

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24

Where are bacterial enzymes released in ecto + extracellular sites

ecto- cytoplasmic membrane extra- in medium

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25

Classification of bacterial enzymes

according to activity site, catalyzed rxn and how they are released

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26

Constitutive vs adaptative release of bacterial enzymes

constitutive- always in cell adaptative- made by bacteria in response to enviro

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27

Bacteriocins

proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s)

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28

Examples of vitamins produced by some bacterial species

thiamine, biotin, vitamins B+K

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29

Bacterial growth factors

essential metabolites that bacteria can not synthesize

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30

Bacterial nutrition

assimilation of nutrients necessary for metabolism, from the external environment

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31

Hyphae's role in fungal nutrition

absorbs nutrients (high SA, continuous growth)

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32

Roots' role in fungal nutrition

penetrates into host cell, direct access to glucose, absorption from soil

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33

Essential fungal enzyme

cellulase

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34

In simple diffusion how does nutrient enter bacterial cell?

thru pores on cell wall/cytoplasmic membrane

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35

How does carrier protein permease transport nutrients in bacterial facilitated diffusion?

catches nutrients from outside cell, changes its confirmation + internalizes it, returns to original shape

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36

The carrier protein binds the nutrient particle and needs energy to internalize it - which type of transport?

active transport

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37

Group translocation (bacteria)

cells exchange organic substances w/ outside medium

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38

Types of group translocation

exocytosis - release of foreign substances endocytosis - substances enter thru vesicles (receptor mediated) pinocytosis - drop of nutrient suspended in cytoplasm

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39

Microaerophiles

grow only in presence of reduced amounts of O2, ex spirochetes

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40

Metabolism

totality of biochem processes by which cell obtains its plastic and energy material from enviro

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41

Anabolism

consumes energy for synthesis, phototrophic or chemotrophic

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42

Catabolism

degradative, from rxns, an/aerobic respiration + fermentation

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43

Parasites are unable to synthesize their own food:

heterotrophs, obtain nutrition directly from host

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44

Amoebas (how do they get nutrients)

pseudopods for food ingestion using pinocytosis+somes

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45

Protozoa (how do they get nutrients)

absorb complex substances in solution thru osmosis

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46

Intestinal flatworms (how do they get nutrients)

absorb nutrients in solution (no digestive organs)

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47

Intestinal roundworms (how do they get nutrients)

biting + chewing tissue, blood sucking, thru digestive tract (+ enzymes)

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