Studied by 3 people
Composition of viruses
nucleic acid, proteins, lipids and carbs
Nucleic acids of virus
encode proteins not made by host cell (at least for nucleic acid synthesis)
Enzymes essential for replication (virus)
transcriptase, nuclease + ligase
Enzymes not essential for replication (virus)
kinases, dehydrogenases, phosphatases, neuraminidase + lysozyme
Capsid proteins of virus
resistance to proteolytic enzymes, protect genome, receptor affinity, antigenic, symmetry
Core proteins of virus
related to nucleic acid, specific viral enzymes
Early proteins of viruses
not structural elements, adjust transcriptions of later proteins + influence cell cycle
Precursor proteins of virus
can be cleaved by enzymes into more specific smaller proteins
Late proteins of virus are
structural elements
Lipids of virus
part of envelope, originate from phospho + glycolipids specific to host cell
Sugars of virus
glycoprotein of envelope, links to receptors + antigens + antibodies
Chemical composition of bacteria are __________ controlled + all processes associated with ______ and ________
genetically, adaptation and survival
Role of free water in bacteria
dispersion medium
Mineral substances of bacteria are important in
bacterial cell life
Bacterial simple sugars have role in ___________ and complex sugars have role i __________
metabolism, structure
Examples of simple vs complex bacterial proteins
simple - albumin complex - heteroprotein
What components can be used for bacterial identification?
particular sugar, proteic metabolism
Which bacteria contains more lipids?
Mycobacterium
Pigmentogenesis depends on
species and cultivation conditions
Chromophore
pigment in bacterial cytoplasm
Parachromophore
pigment in bacterial wall
Chromopar
pigment released into medium (bacteria)
Role of bacterial pigments
UV protection, enzymatic + antibiotic
Where are bacterial enzymes released in ecto + extracellular sites
ecto- cytoplasmic membrane extra- in medium
Classification of bacterial enzymes
according to activity site, catalyzed rxn and how they are released
Constitutive vs adaptative release of bacterial enzymes
constitutive- always in cell adaptative- made by bacteria in response to enviro
Bacteriocins
proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s)
Examples of vitamins produced by some bacterial species
thiamine, biotin, vitamins B+K
Bacterial growth factors
essential metabolites that bacteria can not synthesize
Bacterial nutrition
assimilation of nutrients necessary for metabolism, from the external environment
Hyphae's role in fungal nutrition
absorbs nutrients (high SA, continuous growth)
Roots' role in fungal nutrition
penetrates into host cell, direct access to glucose, absorption from soil
Essential fungal enzyme
cellulase
In simple diffusion how does nutrient enter bacterial cell?
thru pores on cell wall/cytoplasmic membrane
How does carrier protein permease transport nutrients in bacterial facilitated diffusion?
catches nutrients from outside cell, changes its confirmation + internalizes it, returns to original shape
The carrier protein binds the nutrient particle and needs energy to internalize it - which type of transport?
active transport
Group translocation (bacteria)
cells exchange organic substances w/ outside medium
Types of group translocation
exocytosis - release of foreign substances endocytosis - substances enter thru vesicles (receptor mediated) pinocytosis - drop of nutrient suspended in cytoplasm
Microaerophiles
grow only in presence of reduced amounts of O2, ex spirochetes
Metabolism
totality of biochem processes by which cell obtains its plastic and energy material from enviro
Anabolism
consumes energy for synthesis, phototrophic or chemotrophic
Catabolism
degradative, from rxns, an/aerobic respiration + fermentation
Parasites are unable to synthesize their own food:
heterotrophs, obtain nutrition directly from host
Amoebas (how do they get nutrients)
pseudopods for food ingestion using pinocytosis+somes
Protozoa (how do they get nutrients)
absorb complex substances in solution thru osmosis
Intestinal flatworms (how do they get nutrients)
absorb nutrients in solution (no digestive organs)
Intestinal roundworms (how do they get nutrients)
biting + chewing tissue, blood sucking, thru digestive tract (+ enzymes)
Note 
Flashcard (93)