Endocrinology Week 1

What neurotransmitter is elevated during the first quarter of the moon?

Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is elevated during the full moon?

Serotonin

What neurotransmitter is elevated during last quarter of the moon?

Dopamine

What neurotransmitter is elevated during the new moon?

Norepinephrine

What hormone is the catabolic king?

Cortisol

What cells are the first to receive glucose across the blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes

In what state are amino acids not available for protein synthesis?

Catabolic State

What state drives gluconeogenesis?

Catabolic state

What is a fancy name for weight loss?

Lipolysis

Why do ketones cause damage to the brain when they build up in excessive quantities?

They are acidic

What hormone lowers levels of sugar in the blood?

Insulin

What hormone stops the catabolic process?

Insulin

Why does insulin resistance prevent growth and repair?

Insulin promotes an anabolic state in general

What can lead to insulin resistance?

Excessive consumption of sugar or fat

What is another name for type 3 diabetes?

Alzheimer's disease

What tissue type are glands made of?

Epithelial

Why is epithelial tissue used to make glands?

It can actively replicate

What does loss of control over gland growth lead to?

Tumors and endocrine adenomas

T or F: Some hormones are made in non-glandular tissues

True

What is the term for a cell sending signals to itself?

Autocrine signalling

What is the term for a cell sending signals to an adjacent cell?

Paracrine signalling

What is the term fora. cell sending signals to a distant cell?

Endocrine signalling

What endocrine signal is released from the heart that causes a decrease in blood pressure?

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

What type of glands contain ducts?

Exocrine glands

What type of gland are salivary and sweat glands?

Exocrine

What type of gland secretes substances into the bloodstream?

Endocrine

What two organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Liver

Pancreas

What is the exocrine secretion of the pancreas?

Digestive juice

What is the endocrine secretion of the pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon

What is the exocrine secretion of the liver?

Bile

What is the endocrine secretion of the liver?

Somatomedins

What are somatomedins?

Insulin-like growth factors

What organ are the islets of langerhans located in?

Pancreas

What do alpha cells secrete?

Glucagon

What do beta cells secrete?

Insulin

What was the first fat cell signal discovered?

Leptin

What part of the brain does leptin communicate with?

The hypothalamic satiety center

What type of fat cells are able to divide?

Subcutaneous fat cells

What type of fat cells are unable to divide?

Visceral fat cells

What do fat cells secrete when they grow and damage each other?

Interleukin-6

What hormone is secreted by the stomach that causes hunger and food-seeking behaviour?

Gherlin

What are the two types of hormones?

Steroids and proteins

What are all steroids made from?

Cholesterol

What two organs make steroids?

Gonads

Adrenal cortex

What steroids are made in the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Cortisone

Why is vitamin D considered a hormone?

It acts as a signal

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

Protein hormone

What type of hormone are testosterone-related (anabolic or catabolic)?

Anabolic hormones

What converts cortisone to cortisol?

Visceral fat

What structure is cortisone classified as?

Ketone

What does prednsine deactivate?

T cells

What is used to control brain swelling when there is brain injury?

Dexamethasone

What converts phospholipids to arachidonic acid?

Phospholipase

What is contained in wasp venom which creates an inflammatory reaction?

Phospholipase

What type of fatty acid is arachidonic acid?

Omega 6

How is cholesterol excreted from the body?

It is brought to the liver by HDL and added to the bile