Pass Law protests (Build up to Sharpeville)
ANC called for series of protests from 31st march 1960 → PAC announced 21st March (pre-empted ANC)
PAC campaign poorly organised - demanded police arrest them → they did (so few protestors took part in only PAC protest days - many waited for ANC protest)
Sharpeville
Background:
Over 40% U18, crime and gang violence, new police station with officers energetic to check passes ect.
PAC active through Tsolo brothers - manipulated gangs to coerce people into cooperating
Events:
5,000 - 20,000 protests demanded arrest outside station
Standoff continued until officer stumbled (thought shot) → 69 idled (70% shot in the back)
Sharpeville - Government response
State of emergency declared (30 March) → 10,000 arrested including Mandela
PAC and ANC declared illegal (unlawful organisations act)
Caused both orgs to become more militant, emigration > immigration, net outward flow of nearly R200m (1960)
Forster created Bureau of state security (BOSS) - Inc security police
Sabotage act 1962 - death penalty and guilt implied for sabotage (allowed torture)
General laws amendment act 1963 - allowed arrests up to 90 days without charges (possible to extend indefinitely), Inc ‘Sobukwe Clause’ (prisoners can be kept in prison after sentence end)
Weasels Enquiry - exonerated police from blame
Sharpeville - international response
UNSC resolution 134, particularly damning (blamed system of apartheid) BUT UK and France Abstained
Creating a republic
MacMillan ‘winds of change’ speech 1960 - advocated African independence and gov should accommodate Africans → laager mentality
1960 refurendum - 52% supported republican (split between Afrikaners and English-speakers)
Verwoerd left commonwealth after apartheid criticised (1961) BUT didn’t diminish cultural/political links to UK