2. câu 9

Text 1 Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of microscopic phytoplankton species can live together near ocean surfaces competing for the same resources. According to conventional wisdom, one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest. So why do so many species remain? Ecologists’ many efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven’t uncovered a satisfactory explanation. Text 2 Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have connected phytoplankton’s diversity to their microscopic size. Because these organisms are so tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each other in ocean water and, moreover, experience that water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn makes it hard for them to move around and interact with one another. Therefore, says Behrenfeld’s team, direct competition among phytoplankton probably happens much less than previously thought. Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the “conventional wisdom” discussed in Text 1? A) By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another B) By asserting that it fails to recognize that routine replenishment of ocean nutrients prevents competition between phytoplankton species C) By suggesting that their own findings help clarify how phytoplankton species are able to compete with larger organisms D) By recommending that more ecologists focus their research on how competition among phytoplankton species is increased with water density

ecologist

n nhà sinh thái học

Ví dụ: Ecologists warn about the impacts of deforestation.
→ Các nhà sinh thái học cảnh báo về tác động của nạn phá rừng.

phytoplankton

n microscopic marine algae that are a key part of ocean ecosystems.

thực vật phù du (vi tảo sống trong nước, tạo ra oxy và thức ăn cho sinh vật biển)

• Ví dụ: Phytoplankton are the base of the marine food chain.
  → Thực vật phù du là nền tảng của chuỗi thức ăn biển.

competing

• cạnh tranh, ganh đua

• Ví dụ: Many species are competing for the same resources.
  → Nhiều loài đang cạnh tranh cùng một nguồn tài nguyên.

wisdom

n the ability to make good judgments based on knowledge or experience.

• sự khôn ngoan, trí tuệ

• Ví dụ: Conventional wisdom says that bigger animals are stronger.
  → Quan niệm phổ biến cho rằng động vật lớn thì mạnh hơn.

emerge

v to appear or become known.

• xuất hiện, hiện ra

• Ví dụ: A pattern began to emerge from the data.
  → Một mô hình bắt đầu xuất hiện từ dữ liệu.

outcompeting

defeating or being more successful than another in competition.

• vượt trội hơn trong cạnh tranh, đánh bại trong cạnh tranh

• Ví dụ: One species may outcompete another for nutrients.
  → Một loài có thể vượt trội loài khác trong việc giành chất dinh dưỡng.

phenomenon

n hiện tượng

uncover

v phát hiện ra, khám phá ra

• Ví dụ: The scientists uncovered new evidence.

satisfactory

adj đạt yêu cầu, thỏa đáng

Ví dụ: His performance was satisfactory but not outstanding.
→ Thành tích của anh ấy đạt yêu cầu nhưng không nổi bật

organism

n sinh vật

dense

adj dày đặc, rậm rạp

Ví dụ: The forest was dense with trees and underbrush.
→ Khu rừng rậm rạp cây cối và bụi rậm.

competition

n sự cạnh tranh

• Ví dụ: There is strong competition for food in the wild.
  → Có sự cạnh tranh khốc liệt về thức ăn trong tự nhiên.

misconception

n quan niệm sai lầm

Ví dụ: It’s a common misconception that bats are blind.
→ Một quan niệm sai lầm phổ biến là dơi bị mù.

replenishment

n sự bổ sung, làm đầy lại

conventional wisdom

trí không truyền thống=trí không dân gian