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Henry's weaknesses
Conflict-avoidant (Courteney-Bonville feud, over stewardship of Cornwall) Fiscal generosity (rapid elevations to nobility, 23 elevations in 17 years, Edward IV had 6) £372,000 in debt Normandy is v expensive to maintain
1436
Tax records show that Richard, Duke of York is the wealthiest man in England
November 1442
Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Gloucester found guilty of necromancy
1443
Henry VI grants Somerset a contiugency of men instead of sending York much needed men at Calais
April 1445
Henry marries Margaret of Anjou as a provision of the Treaty of Tours (Claims to Anjou and Maine surrendered, York is a critic of this treaty_
1445
York is not reappointed Captain of Calais, with the role instead going to Somerset, a parvenus
July 1447
York appointed Lieutenant of Ireland, virtual exile
March 1450
Suffolk impeached by Parliament but Henry ensures that is only to be exiled for 5 years, he is murdered by the St. Nicholas of the Tower Lord Saye and Seal threatens to turn Kent into a deer forest Adam Molyens killed
May 1450
Cade's Rebellion is launched, saw the lynching of Lord Saye and Seal, calls for England to be governed by its Dukes (YORK, NORFOLK AND BUCKINGHAM), pardoned by Margaret but then Buckingham leads Harvest of Heads
Later in 1450
York offers a proclamation, blames the state of the nation on Somerset and evil councilors, York has returned to "claim his rightful place in government and clear his name"
1451
Reading Parliament - compliant to Henry VI, awards money to Talbot to reclaim Gascony
March 1452 - Battle
Dartford York marches to be recognised as heir with Egremont but is met with every great lord in England and begs forgiveness
Early July 1453
Henry orders a commission of Oyer and Termina to resolve the Percy-Neville feud but it is dominated by Neville retainers
July 1453
Henry dispatches the competent Shrewsbury but he falls at Castillon, marking the end of the English Empire in France
August 1453
Henry VI's illness begins
October 1453
Margaret gives birth to Prince Edward, she makes Somerset the godfather and excludes York from the christening
January 1454
Margaret publishes her Bill of Five Articles, arguing that she should be Regent, as is custom in France, while Henry is ill but is refused
March 1454
The Chancellor, Kemp, dies allowing York to be made Protector
Early 1454
Warwick and Somerset feud over the Glaumorgan lands but Henry is incapacitated and can't deal with it
York's first protectorate (starting March 1454)
Appointed himself Captain of Calais Reduced King's household expenditure by £20,000 by December 1454 Appoints a Neville, Salisbury, as Chancellor In May, Duke of Exeter rebels and York has him imprisoned Confines Somerset to the Tower in November Does not touch Margaret's household x
Christmas Day 1454
Henry recovers
April 1455
Henry called a council to be held in Leicester, to discuss threats to the king, Yorkists gather their retainers
May 1455 - Battle
First St Albans: York Lancaster: York Buckingham Warwick Somerset (mort) 5000 2000 Hours of negotiation, Lanc wouldnt surrender Somerset, launched second protectorate
1455 (Couteney)
murders radfield, york strips earldom of devon, henry vi returns it in 1456
1456
York pushes for an Act of Resumption, hugely unpopular, forced to resign Margaret moves the court to Coventry Warwick made Captain of Calais
March 1457
Margaret forces York to swear fealty to Henry VI
August 1457
Court forced to return to London after French fleet of 4,000 raid the coast
March 1458
Great Council - Yorkists agree to pay reparations to the Beauforts and Percies Loveday
May 1458
Warwick launches piracy against Spain and Hansa, Margaret demands he be stripped of his titles and the faction solidifies against him
June 1459
Margaret summons a Great Council in Coventry and attainders the Yorkists
1459 - Battle
Ludford Bridge Trollope defects Yorkists forced to flee (Edward and Warwick to Calais, York to Calais)
July 1460 - Battle
of Northampton Henry VI captured by Yorkists, Egremont killed lancastrian gunpowder is maid useless by rain the lancastrain front, led by edward grey, defects
December 1460 - Battle
Battle of Wakefield Somerset. York (mort) Dudley. Rutland(mort) 18,000 4,000 Margaret displays York's head on Micklegate Bar, Lord Scales killed
Late 1461
Margaret makes a deal with Mary of Guelders, Regent of Scotland
February 1461
Mortimer's Cross owen tudor executed parahelion edward proves himself in combat
February 1461 - battle
second st albans Margaret. Warwick Somerset Buckingham Lancastrian victory Commits chevuchee on the way south Margaret retakes Henry VI Road clear to London Margaret, refused entry to London, falls back to Dunstable instead of being pinned to walls
March 1461
Edward, Earl of March declares himself Edward IV -) George Neville, Bishop of Ely confirms but archbishop refuses unless proven in battle
28th of March 1461 - Battle 1
FitzWalter ambushed by Clifford
29th of March 1461 - Battle 2
Edward supported left flank Lanc 35,000 vs York. 30,000 Blizzard in Lancastrians' face Norfolk showed up late
Later in 1461
Edward coronated proper Margaret of Anjou flees into Scotland By 1463, Warwick had captured all Lancastrian holdings in the North
1463 - forgiveness
forgiveness policy, Somerset and Ralph Percy forgiven
1463 - Scotland
Edward begins negotiating a treaty with Scotland
May 1464
the forgiven lancastrians (somerset, ralph percy) rebel at the battle of hexam and are executed by montagu, despite somerset and edward being lovers
May 1464 (Scotland)
Scottish treaty signed, Margaret forced to return to France under Louis XII
1465
Henry VI captured in Lancashire and sent to the tower, Margaret remained at large
September 1464
Warwick is away negotiating a match for Edward with Louis XI, Edward reveals he secretly married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464
Woodvilles elevated (1466)
Richard Woodville became Earl Rivers and Treasurer of England John Woodville marries Catherine Neville, the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk (Warwick's very rich aunt). John was 19, Catherine 65. Catherine Woodville married Henry Stafford, the new Duke of Buckingham Anne Woodville married William Bourchier (son of Thomas Bourchier, the Earl of Essex) Mary Woodville married William Herbert (the son of Edward's councillor William Herbert, the Earl of Pembroke) Margaret Woodville married Thomas Fitzalan, the Earl of Arundal Eleanor Woodville married Anthony Grey of Ruthin, the Earl of Kent Thomas Grey was made Marquess of Dorset and married Anne Holland, the only child of Henry Holland
Summer 1467
Edward hosts a Burgundian emissary led by Anthony, Bastard of Burgundy
1468
Humiliated, Warwick leaves court
July 1469 (marriage)
Clarence secretly marries Isabelle Neville, bringing him into the Lancastrian faction
1469
Robin of Redesdale & Robin of Holderness rebellions
July 1469 (Edward)
Edward camps at Nottingham but he is outnumbered as Reedsdale advances from the North, Warwick from the South Captured at Edgecote Moor
March 1470
Warwick stages another rebellion in Lincolnshire, rallying them at Losecoat field
22nd July 1470
Warwick alligns with Margaret of Anjou, Edward, Prince of Wales was married to Anne Neville
October 1470
Edward IV flees to Burgundy and Henry VI is returned to the throne
March 1471
Edward lands at Ravenspur, Edward claimed that he only sought to reclaim the Dukedom of York and lied that he had Northumberland's support, uses it to enter the City of York
20th March 1471
Edward stays at Pontefract, neither Montagu or Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decide to attack him
25th March 1471
In Leicester, Edward's army grew when 3,000 of Hastings' men arrived and joined up.
3rd April 1471
Edward joins with Clarence just south of Warwick in Coventry, his 4,000 men met Edward's army (10,000 total).
10th April 1471
George Neville is forced to submit to Edward after trying to hold London for Lancaster
14 April 1471 - Battle
Battle of Barnet Oxford's men were erroneously shot at by the Lancastrian centre commanded by Lord Montagu, as he mistook Oxford's Star with Rays for Edward's Sunne in Splendour Montagu allegedly wore Edward's colours
4th May 1471 - Battle
Battle of Tewkesbury Margaret attempted to cross into Wales to join her forces with the Welsh Lancastrians but Edward contacted the Lord Becham to hold the gates at Gloucester, so she was forced to advance to Tewksbury Richard was able to outflank the Lancastrians led by Edmund Beaufort, the Duke of Somerset. Once Somerset's men had been dealt with, Richard attacked the rear of the Lancastrian line which broke apart and fled. (Somerset allegedly murdered Wenlock for betrayal) Many of the Lancastrian leaders were caught and killed including Edward the Prince of Wales. Margaret of Anjou was also captured.
Edward church tenths
£46,000 church paid between 1472-75
edward crown lands income
Earned £30,000 pa
Benevolences/Forced loans
Edward extracts "donations" during progresses buying influence
August 1475
Treaty of Picquigny Edward and Louis XII met, Edward's daughter and the dauphin would marry, and Edward would receive £15,000 and then £10,000 per annum Edward didn't collect any unpaid taxes for this campaign and didn't collect tax again until 1482
July 1474
Treaty of London with Burgundy, both agree to invade France Edward has coronation robes made Collects taxes from Parliament,
1478
Clarence executed (had Ankarette Tynwho executed in 1477)
29th August 1475
Treaty of Picquigny
October 1460 - (York's Claim)
York had begun asserting his claim to the throne proper (styles himself Richard Plantaganet), asks to be made King but is rejected by Parliament, Act of Accord adopted instead and York made heir instead
December 1482 (Treaty)
Treaty of Arras Burgundy and France finally agree a Treaty with Burgundy, erasing Picquingy
Christmas 1482
Edward holds his Christmas court
April 1483
Edward IV dies, in a departure from his 1475 will which would make Elizabeth regent and creates Richard as L. Protector
10th April 1483
The royal council declares the coronation for May 4th, Woodvilles move to ostracise Richard, Elizabeth given great seal by LC Rotherham, Dorset declares they can enforce decisions w/o Richard
20th April 1483
Woodvilles acquiesce and call for Richard to lead the Royal Council but it had been argued that he should enjoy sovereign power, Council takes moderate line and elects Richard as leader
23rd April 1483
Richard pledges allegiance to Edward V at York and writes to the council reaffirming Edward's wish that he should be Protector
30th April 1483
Rivers, Vaughan and Grey arrested by Richard and sent to castles in the North, Richard pledges his loyalty to Edward V
April 1483 (SANCTUARY)
Elizabeth Woodville, after the arrest of Rivers, enters Sanctuary
May 4th 1483
Edward enters London and is hailed by assembled nobles
May 1483 (GEORGE NEVILLE)
Dies childless, Richard's legal claim to some Neville inheritance rested on his living
May 8th 1483
Royal Council meets and creates Richard LP until late June when Parliament can confirm out, HOWEVER, refuse to sanction arrests of Rivers, Vaughn and Grey
May 10th 1483
John Russel made LC, Rotherham fired for giving Great Seal to Elizabeth
May 15th 1483
Buckingham created Lord Constable, given vast swathes of welsh land and also given wardship of Anne, heiress of Exeter (confirmed July 15th, during Richard’s reign)
May 23rd 1483
Elizabeth refuses to leave sanctuary
June 8th 1483
Stillington plot
June 10th 1483
Gloucester rallies extra troops
June 13th-16th 1483
Hastings executed, Jane Shore publicly humiliated for infiedelity, and Prince Richard released
June 22nd 1483
Shaa: Bastard Slips shall take no root delcared, Richard offered throne by by Parliamentarians on the 25th, Rivers etc executed
July 1st 1483
6000 men camp outside London from York
July 6th 1483
Richard coronatedAs Richard III
July 14th 1483
Buckingham confirmed as Lord Constable and given vast swathes of Wales
Late July 1483
Richard III was in the north when he learnt of an unsuccessful attempt to free the royal princes from the Tower, fires were lit in London
September-October 1483
Buckingham's Rebellion: -Rumours circulated that the Princes had been murdered -11th October: Buckingham raises troops on the Welsh border -Norfolk (Howard) defends London -Rebellion declares for Henry T -Henry lands with only 2 ships -Buckingham captured on Oct 30
JANUARY 1484
The January Parliament
1484 Opposition
96 attainted, incl Margaret Beaufort, but 1/3 pardoned, Morton (B.of Ely fully pardoned in 1485), began banning livery and maintiance
1484 - TITLE
Titulus Regius, confirmed Richard III's passage to the throne -Elizabeth was guilty of witchcraft -Marriage occurred in secret, bans not read in public -Edward IV already in plight troth to Eleanor Butler -Condemned the "carnal lust" of Edward's court, alienating his allies
1484 LEGAL AND ECONOMIC
Benevolences illegal, jury members had own property over a certain value
March 1484
Richard pledges to protect Elizabeth's daughters, and they begin attending court
Autumn 1484
Anne of Suffolk betrothed to James of Scotland, creating an Anglo-Scottish peace
Situation with France under Richard III
Louis XI died in August 83, leaving a regency lead by Anne of Bourbon and fears of invasion, after Francis of Brittany's chief minister negotiated a deal with Richard, Henry fled to France
Note
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