Bronchoconstriction Inflammation and swelling of airway
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Albuterol
Most widely prescribed and most effective agent for bronchoconstriction *Relaxes smooth muscle
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Prednisone
Glucocorticoid Inhibits production of inflammatory mediators *Drug of choice in newly dx asthma patients
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Montelukast/Zafirlukast
Leukotriene receptor antagonist Decreases inflammation and bronchoconstriction *Effective for treating aspirin-induced asthma
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How are monoclonal antibodies administered?
Take through IV or injection
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What is an example of an enteric hormone and it's function?
Gastrin Acid secretion
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Omeprazole/Lansoprazole
Acid Treatment *Treatment of GERD
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Bismuth Subsalicylate
Acid Treatment Forms protective barrier *Displaces H. pylori
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Histamine receptor antagonists: (Cimetidine)
Acid Treatment Inhibits metabolism of several drugs
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Category of Ranitidine and Famotidine
Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists
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Misoprostol
Acid Treatment Inhibit acid secretion Prevents ulcers in patients on NSAIDs Side effects: stimulates abortion
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Antacids
Acid Treatment Neutralize HCl Immediate relief = short duration
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Side effect of Aluminum Hydroxide
Constipation
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Side effect of Magnesium Hydroxide
Laxative
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What is Prednisone used for? (IBD)
Drug of choice for acute attacks IBD
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What is Olsalazine used for?
Drug of choice for reoccurring IBD
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What is the function of Loperamide?
Best OTC agent for diarrhea
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What is dimenhydrinate used for?
Anti-emetic Motion Sickness
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What is Metoclopramide used for?
Anti-emetic Blocks CTZ for N/V
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What is Lorazepam used for? (Anti-emetic)
Stage fright-induced or anticipatory vomiting
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What is the use of Magnesium Hydroxide and what are the effects?
Constipation Water and electrolyte retaining cathartic May produce dehydration
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What is the difference between albuterol and beta-blockers?
Both beta-adrenergic agonists and bronchodilators Albuterol: widely prescribed Beta-blockers: should not be used to treat CV disease
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Antidepressants a form of therapy for bipolar patients. Should they be taken alone or with another medication?
NEVER ANTIDEPRESSANT ALONE
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What does a drug have to be to enter and cross the BBB?
Drug needs to be lipid soluble
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What is Alprazolam used for?
General anxiety disorder Panic disorder
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What is Lorazepam used for? (Anxiolytic)
General anxiety NO USE W/ KIDNEY FAILURE
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What is Diazepam used for? (Anxiolytic)
Anesthesia, muscle relaxant Rapidly absorbed, rapid passage through BBB
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What is the drug of choice for sedatives?
Benzodiazepines
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Describe the use of Flurazepam and it's effects.
BDZ Rapid onset, long duration of action
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Describe the use of Triazolam and it's effects.
BDZ Rapid onset, short duration *Hallucinations
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Describe the use of Zolpidem and it's effects.
Binds to Omega-1 BDZ receptor Used for BDZ overdose
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Describe the use of Secobarbital and it's effects.
Rarely used hypnotic
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What is the mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants?
Block uptake 1
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What is Amitriptyline used for?
Tricyclic Antidepressant Chronic pain
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What is Clomipramine use for?
Tricyclic Antidepressant OCD
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What is Fluoxetine used for?
SSRI Effects other drugs metabolism
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What is Sertraline used for?
SSRI Less effect on drug metabolism
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What is Paroxetine used for?
SSRI Highest specificity for serotonin No effects on drug metabolism
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What is Bupropion used for? (Antidepressants)
Newer Antidepressant Blocks dopamine uptake Used in nicotine withdrawal
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What is Venlafaxine used for?
Newer Antidepressant Effective in severe depression and anxiety Blocks uptake of NE and serotonin
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Describe the use of Phenytoin and it's effects.
Epileptic drug Sodium influx Partial/Generalized Difficulty dosing Overgrowth of gums, thickening of facial hair
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Describe the use of Carbamazepine and what else it can be used for.
Sodium influx Partial/Generalized NOT IN ABSENCE Used for bipolar disease
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Describe the use of Valproic Acid and what else it can be used for.
Sodium, Calcium, GABA Partial/Generalized Used for bipolar and migraines
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Describe the use of Ethosuximide and what it is used for.
Calcium influx Drug of choice for absence
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Describe the use of Phenobarbital and what it can be used for.
GABA Partial/Generalized NOT ABSENCE Can reduce seizures without causing sedation
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Describe the use Oxcarbazepine and its effects.
Sodium influx Partial Better tolerated/More $
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Describe the use of Topiramate and its effects.
GABA, Sodium influx, Glutamate Partial/Generalized Possibility of Glaucoma
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Describe the use of Zonisamide and its effects.
Sodium and Calcium influx Partial only Stops seizure spread
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Should BDZ and Lorazepam be used in patients with kidney failure?
NOOOOOO
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What is the difference between BDZs and Barbiturates in the GABA channel?
BDZ = frequency Barbiturates = duration
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Which Tourette's treatment is the most common and what are the effects?
Haloperidol More potent, less sedation, less anticholinergic, more EPS effects
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Describe the use of Pimozide and its effects.
Only for symptoms of Tourette's High potency
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Describe the use of Clozapine and its effects.
Newer Atypical Agent Works on dopamine and serotonin High sedation, Less EPS
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Describe the use of Risperidone and its effects.
Newer Atypical Agent Works on dopamine and serotonin Low sedation, Less EPS
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Describe the use of Olanzapine and its effects.
Newer Atypical Agent Works on dopamine, serotonin, histamine, ACh, NE Less EPS
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Describe the use of Ariprazole and its effects.
Only antipsychotic that reduces dopamine Less EPS, reduce positive symptoms
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What is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's?
Levodopa 50% reduction in symptoms
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Describe the use of Carbidopa (3 things)
PD Drug No effect alone Inhibits decarboxylation of Levodopa in periphery Does not cross BBB
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Describe the use of Pramipexole and how it is used in early vs late stages.
PD Drug Dopamine agonist Alone in early stage; with Levodopa in late stage
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Describe the use of Amantadine and its effects.
PD Drug Anti-viral agent Most likely releases dopamine Given with Levodopa
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Describe the use of Selegiline and when it is prescribed.
PD Drug MAO-B inhibitor Prescribed as soon as possible; slows spread
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Describe the use of Entacapone and its mechanism of action.
PD Drug Inhibitor of COMT Metabolism of dopamine inhibited Given with Levodopa
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Describe the differences in the causes of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, ALS, and Schizophrenia.
PD: Decrease of dopamine AD: Decrease of ACh ALS: Loss of periphery Schizophrenia: Increase of dopamine
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Describe the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes.
Type I (insulin-dependent): a severe form that often occurs in juveniles Type II (insulin-independent): a milder form that predominantly occurs in adults
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Describe the difference between short and long acting insulin.
Short: given to mimic nutrient-stimulated insulin Long: given to mimic 24 hr basal insulin secretion
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Describe the insulin time of action: Short Intermediate Long-acting
Studied by 26 people
