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consciousness
A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.
circadian
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
REM sleep
Rapid Eye Movement. The point in your sleep where your body is paralyzed & you dream
Alpha Waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
sleep
periodic, natural loss of conciousness
hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
NREM sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
Manifest Content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
Latent Content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
REM Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Dissociation
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Psychoactive Drugs
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
Tolerance
A reduced response to a drug over time
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical Dependence
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.
Depressants
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Methamphetamine
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy (MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic (mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
Near-Death Experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
does not enhance recall or forgotten events (may even invoke false memories)
Posthypnotic Suggestions
have helped people harness their own healing powers, not effective in treating addiction, can help relieve pain
DIssociation Theory
divided consciousness, enables hypnotized subjects to consciously respond to hypnotists suggestions (cold water isn't painful), hypnotized subjects processed a 2nd associated stream of mental activity,e enabled them to sense waters temperature
Social Influence
no such thing as hypnotic trance, instead enacting socially constructed role of hypnotic subject (ignored the cold because they were caught up in the role of being a hypnotized subject)
Sleep Stages
humans go through 4 stages every 90 minutes
NREM1, NREM2, REM, NREM3
REM
a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
initial 4 NREM stages last about an hour
after stage 4, sleeper goes back through stages 3 and 2, instead of reentering Stage 1, goes to REM sleep
NREM1
experience falling and floating (NOT REM)
may suddenly jerk
brief period
slowing heart rate and blood pressure
NREM2
relax more deeply, truly asleep, sleep spindles
as the night wears on, NREM gets longer
15-20 minutes
Sleep spindles
short bursts of rapid, high-amplitude brain waves
NREM3
deep sleep, hard to awaken
slow delta waves are emitted by the brain
REM sleep does not come after this stage but follows NREM2
-doesn't follow a normal cycle after the initial one
low levels of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Why do we Sleep?
protection, recuperation, memory, creative thinking, growth
Sleep Deprivation Effects
fatigue, irritability, impairs concentration, productivity and memory consolidation, depression, obesity, joint pain, suppressed immune system, slowed performance (w/ greater vulernability to accidents)
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Sleep Apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night Terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM 3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Dream Theories
Freud's Wish-Fulfillment, information processing, physiological function, neural activation, and cognitive development
Freud's Wish-Fulfillment
Dreams preserve sleep and provide a "psychic safety valve"—expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content (a hidden meaning).
Lacks any scientific support; dreams may be interpreted in many different ways
information processing
dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories
physiological function
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
activation synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
But it's our brain weaving stories, so this still tells us something about ourselves
cognitive development
dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding
Does not propose an adaptive function of dreams
Psychoactive drugs
chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain