Chemistry Ch. 14 Study Guide - Mixtures and Solutions

solution

a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

solute

what’s dissolved in the solvent

solvent

most abundant substance

soluble

substance that dissolves in another substance

insoluble

substance that does not dissolve into another substance

miscible

if substances are 2 liquids

immiscible

if substances are not 2 liquids

solvation

process of solvent particles surrounding solute particles

hydration

solvation of water

heat of solution

the overall energy change during the formation of a solution

solubility

maximum amount of a solute that dissolves in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure

saturated solution

contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure

unsaturated solution

dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure is less than a saturated one

supersaturated solution

contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure

Henry’s Law

S1/P1 = S2/P2 (used for gases dissolved in liquids)

concentration

how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution

concentrated

another term for concentration

dilute

another term for concentration

percent by mass

mass of solute/mass of solution x 100

percent by volume

volume of solute/volume of solution x 100

molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

molality

moles of solute/kg of solvent

mole fraction

X(A) = n(A)/n(A) + n(B)

colligative properties

the physical properties of solutions that are affected by the number of particles but not the identity of the dissolved solute particles

volatile/volatility

the tendency of a substance to evaporate at room temperature

boiling point elevation

the difference between the pure solvent’s boiling point and the solution’s boiling point

freezing point depression

the difference in temperature between the freezing point of pure solvent and the solution’s freezing point

osmosis

the diffusion of solvent particles across a semi-permeable from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

osmotic pressure

the pressure created by the additional water particles moving onto the solution side

semipermeable

means that the membrane has tiny holes that allow some, but not all kinds of particles to cross

suspension

a mixture containing large particles that settle out if left undistributed

colloid

contains intermediate size particles in a mixture that don’t settle out if left undisturbed

Brownian motion

the erratic movement of colloid particles that results from particle collisions between the dispersed particles and the dispersing medium

Tyndall effect

the scattering of light caused by dispersing colloid particles

stock solution

M1V1 = M2V2