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According to classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov how does he view habituation?
an organism only learns to recognize an event or stimulus as familiar. The next two forms of learning require the organism to form an association. These are associated with higher brain centers and developed as the result of the evolution of more complex brains in animals who had to learn to navigate and exploit the ever-changing environment for survival and reproduction
What is the association made in classical conditioning according to classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov?
An association is made between two stimuli, one that normally elicits a response and one that doesn’t normally elicit a response. Frogs and fish all habituate and don’t disrupt feeding or other behavior. Let’s say you go to another country to visit, and someone presents new food to you, and you get violently ill, if they do it more quickly, it’s more adaptive. Evolve larger brains, learning more in order to survive and habituation is always consistent
What does classical conditioning refer to?
to a learning process whereby a reflex (i.e., an unlearned behavior like salivation) becomes associated with a stimulus which does not normally elicit a response (i.e., a neutral stimulus).
What is an EXAMPLE of classical conditioning?
•You can't have classical conditioning in every situation, there has to be a reflex that is involved. Lemons cause us to salivate immediately, the acidic elements of it which is very adaptive.
•Ex 2: If boss screams at you, your blood pressure rises up, it must involve a reflex.
What did Ivan Pavlov study?
a Russian physiologist studying digestion in dogs inadvertently discovered the process and then dedicated himself to studying it and identifying it. Pavlov was not a psychologist, he was a physiologist. He split cheese and put the salivary glands, collected saliva, and observed how much they were salivating after seeing the piece of cheese. When they put an empty dish in front of the dog, the dog began to salivate as if there was food in the dish. Developed a whole psychological theory even though he was a physiologist
What are the FOUR components of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)’
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
What is the definition of unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning?
unconditioned, essentially means unlearned response. A reflex, an unconditioned reflex
Ex: salivation, eye blink, patella reflex, blood pressure changes. All of these are unlearned, and therefore it is unconditional.
What is the definition of unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?
a stimulus which ordinarily elicits an UCR. Think of it this way, the lemon on your tongue is an UCS. And the salivation is the UCR.
UCS » UCR: this association is not learned; it is genetically programmed
True
What is neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that ordinarily elicits no particular response except an orienting response, i.e., the organism notices it. This means that the organism just looks at it, didn’t have any effect
What is the conditioned response (CS) in classical conditioning?
•It is the NS when it is no longer neutral and causes a response that it would not usually cause. The neutral stimulus always becomes the conditioned stimulus
What is the conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
It is the response evoked by a CS
What contains in Pavlov’s study?
•UCS 1 » UCR
•Food » Salivation
•UCS 1 + NS 1 » UCR
•Food + Dish » Salivation (numerous pairings: when you do it over and over, close in time) dishàfoodàdish, after while the dog salivates only to the dish.
•CS 1 » CR 1
•Dish » Salivation
•NB: repetition and temporal contiguity between the UCS and the NS seen as requirement for the association to form with one exception.
What is a real life scenario according to pavlov’s study?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS 1) → Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Food → Salivation (The pet naturally salivates when food is presented.)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS 1) + Neutral Stimulus (NS 1) → Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Food + Can Opener Sound → Salivation (After multiple pairings of opening a can right before giving food, the pet begins associating the can opener sound with mealtime.)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS 1) → Conditioned Response (CR 1)
Can Opener Sound → Salivation (Eventually, even if food isn’t presented, the pet starts salivating just from hearing the can opener.)
Anything that is a response is the behavior
True
What is pavlov’s second level of conditioning?
•CS 1 + NS 2 » CR 1
•Dish + sound of footsteps » Salivation (multiple pairings close in time)
•CS 2 » CR 2
•Sound of footsteps » Salivation
•Brave New World: Classical conditioning of baby miners. Little Albert study
What is the Garcia effect?
Rapid and selective learning of aversions. Associated with the sensory process the organism uses for assessing food. Almost always food aversion. The evolutionary effect is that you only have to become sick once, and then you will never look at it again.
What was the little Albert study?
Watson & Rayner conditioned baby Albert to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise, and then he generalized this fear to other white, fluffy objects.
What is an EXAMPLE of brave new world?
Babies in the novel are classically conditioned to dislike books and flowers through pairing them with negative stimuli (loud noises or electric shocks).
What is a real world modern example for pavlov’s second level of conditioning?
A student initially gets anxious (UCR) from receiving pop quizzes (UCS). If quizzes are often given right after a bell rings (CS 1), the bell alone can eventually cause anxiety (CR 1). If the teacher’s footsteps (NS 2) reliably happen right before the bell, footsteps (CS 2) may also begin to trigger anxiety (CR 2), even without the bell.
Pavlov’s second level of conditioning
First-Order Conditioning:
Food (UCS) → Salivation (UCR)
Food Dish (CS 1) + Food → Salivation (Dog learns dish = food.)
Food Dish (CS 1) → Salivation (CR 1)
Second-Order Conditioning:
Footsteps (NS 2) + Food Dish (CS 1) → Salivation (Dog hears footsteps before seeing the dish multiple times.)
Footsteps (CS 2) → Salivation (CR 2) (Now, footsteps alone make the dog salivate.)
What is extinction?
inhibits the CR. The CR will disappear gradually if the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
What is an example of extinction?
A child who throws tantrums to get candy at the store eventually stops when the parent consistently refuses to give in. Since the tantrum is no longer reinforced by candy, the behavior fades over time.
What is spontaneous recovery?
a CR which has been extinguished suddenly reappears. This happens more frequently in the beginning of an extinction process.
What is an example of spontaneous recovery?
A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a bell because it was repeatedly paired with food. After the bell is rung multiple times without food, the salivation response becomes extinct. However, after a few days with no exposure to the bell, the dog suddenly salivates again when it hears the bell.
What is stimulus generalization?
occurs when a response that has been conditioned to a specific stimulus is triggered by similar stimuli.
What is an example of stimulus generalization?
A child who is bitten by a large dog may develop a fear of all dogs, not just the one that bit them. The fear response generalizes to similar stimuli (other dogs).
What is adaptive value?
refers to how a behavior or trait increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. It is based on evolutionary psychology and explains why certain behaviors persist over time.
What is a better explanation/example of adaptive value?
Blue jays and monarch butterflies; toads and bees
Blue Jays and Monarch Butterflies
A blue jay sees a bright orange butterfly (a monarch) and thinks, "Yum! A snack!" It eats the butterfly but then feels really sick. 🤢 Next time it sees an orange butterfly, it remembers feeling bad and says, "No way! I’m not eating that again!" This helps the blue jay stay safe and helps the butterflies not get eaten.
Toads and Bees
A hungry toad sees a bee buzzing around and thinks, "Ooo, a tasty bug!" It catches the bee and OUCH! The bee stings its tongue! 😖 The toad spits it out and thinks, "That hurt! I won’t eat bees anymore." Now the toad avoids bees, and the bees don’t have to worry as much about being eaten.
This is how animals learn from bad experiences to stay safe in the future—that’s called adaptive value because it helps them survive!
