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What is the Brain Surface?
outer surface of brain’s cerebrum is wrinkled
What is in the Brain surface?
gyri, sulci
Gyri
Folds
Sulci
depressions between folds
Rostral
anterior - toward the nose
Cephalic
superior - toward the head
Caudal
inferior - toward the tail
What are the 4 major regions of the Brain?
cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum
What are the 3 regions of the Diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
What are the 3 regions of the Brainstem?
mid-brain
hypothalamus
thalamus
Gray matter forms ____
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is made up of ____
motor neurons and interneurons (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons)
Motor neurons and interneurons forms deep clusters of neuron cell bodies called ____
cerebral nuclei
What is White matter?
forms deep regions the brain (deep to grey matter)
What is white matter made up of?
myelinated axons
Myelinated axons are bundled into ____
tracts
What are the purpose of Tracts?
connect areas of the brain with other regions of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
What are the functions of Cranial Meninges (membranes)?
separate brain from bones of cranium
protects blood vessels of brain
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What are the 3 layers of the Cranial Meninges (membranes)? (superficial → deep)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
What is the Pia Mater?
innermost layer, adheres directly with the brain’s surface (highly vascular)
What is the Arachnoid Mater?
meninx composed of a arachnoid trabecule
What is the Arachnoid Trabecule?
web of collagen and elastin
What is the Subarachnoid space (deep to arachnoid mater)?
trabeculae penetrate and anchor arachnoid to pia mater
What is the Subdural space (superficial to arachnoid mater)?
usually a potential space, but can become actual space if filled with blood or fluid
What is the Dura mater?
outer meninx
What is the Outer meninx?
2 layers of dense irregular CT
meningeal layer (deep)
periosteal layer (superficial) - forms periosteum of internal surface of cranial bones
What is Epidural space?
“potential” space between dura and bones of skull (contains arteries and veins that nourish meninges and bones of cranium)
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
clear liquid that circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by ____
choroid plexus
What is the Choroid Plexus?
surrounds brain and spinal cord
fluid from blood plasmas is filtered and modified by ependymal cells
What is a Brain Ventricle?
cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
continuous with other ventricles and central canal (spinal cord)
What are the 4 Ventricles?
lateral ventricles (2)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
Lateral Ventricles
one in each cerebral hemisphere
Third ventricle
located in diencephalon
Fo
Fourth Ventricle
between pons (brainstem) and cerebellum
merges with central canal of spinal cord
What is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
formed from capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet
What is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
regulates substances that enter interstitial fluid of brain (fluid around brain neurons)
Blood-Brain Barrier is ____ or ____ in 3 locations of CNS 1. 2. 3.
missing, reduced
choroid plexus (produces CSF)
hypothalamus
pineal gland
What is the Cerebrum?
location of conscious thought and intellectual functions
contains neurons needed for complex, analytical functions
The Cerebrum is composed of 2 havles called ____
left and right cerebral hemispheres
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are divided by a ____
longitudinal fissure
What is the Corpus Callosum?
largest tract that connects and facilitates communication between the 2 hemispheres
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insula
Where are is the Frontal Lobe?
deep to frontal bone and forms anterior part of cerebral hemisphere
ends posteriorly at central sulcus, inferior border marked by lateral sulcus
What is the important feature of the Frontal Lobe?
precentral gyrus
What is the Precentral Gyrus?
primary motor cortex
What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe?
voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning personality
Where is the Parietal Lobe?
deep to parietal bone and forms superior/posterior portion of each hemisphere, ends posteriorly at parieto-occipital sulcu
What is the important feature of the Parietal Lobe?
postcentral gyrus
What is the postcentral gyrus?
primary somatosensory cortex
What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe?
general sensory functions (interpreting texutres/shapes) and understanding speech
Where is the Temporal Lobe?
deep to temporal bone and inferior to lateral sulcus
What are the function of the Temporal Lobe?
hearing and smell
Where is the Occipital Lobe?
deep to occipital bone and forms posterior region of each hemisphere
What are the functions of the Occipital Lobe?
processes incoming visual information and stores visual memoies
Where is the Insula?
deep to lateral sulcus
What are the funcitons of the Insula?
associated with memory (functions not well-known)
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?
motor areas, sensory areas, association areas
What are the Motor areas?
control voluntary motor functions
What are the Sensory areas?
provide conscious awareness of sensation
What are the Association areas?
integrate and store information
(integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences)
(process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response)
The Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area) controls ____
voluntary skeletal muscle activities
The primary motor cortex is located within the ____
precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)
What is the Motor Homunculus?
reflects amount of cortex dedicated to motor activity of each body part
What are the motor areas in frontal lobe?
motor speech area (broca area)
frontal eye field
What does the Motor speech area (broca area) do?
controls muscle movements necessary for vocalization
What does the Frontal eye field do?
controls eye movement
What is the Primary somatosensory cortex?
receives general somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
within postcentral gyrus
____ may be traced on the surface of the primary somatosensory cortex
sensory homunculus
primary motor and sensory cortical regions are connected to adjacent ____
association areas
What is the function of the Diencephalon?
provides a relay/switching center for sensory and motor pathways
Where is the Epithalamus?
partially forms posterior roof of diencephalon
covers third ventricle
What are the components of the Epithalamus?
pineal gland, habenular nuclei
What is the Pineal Gland?
secretes melatonin (hormone that regulates the circadian rythm)
What is the Habenular nuclei?
relays signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odor
What is the Thalamus?
paired masses of grey matter on each side of third ventricle
Each mass of the Thalamus contains multiple ____ with axons projecting to regions of cerebral cortex
thalamic nuclei
What is the function of the Thalamus?
main relay point for sensory information that will be projected to somatosensory cortex
information filter
What is the Hypothalamus?
anteroinferior region of the diencephalon
thin, talk like funnel that extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to attach to pituitary gland
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
master control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
control of emotional behaviors, food/water intake
regulation of body temp and circadian rhythms
What is the Brainstem?
connects forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
passageway for all tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
contains many autonomic and reflex centers required for survival
houses nuclei of the cranial nerves
What are the 3 regions of the Brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
What is the Midbrain?
superior portion of brainstem
What is the function of the Midbrain?
involved with locomotor function and auditory (responses to loud noises), postural, and visual functions
What is the Pons?
the bridge connecting two sides of cerebellum
What is the function of the Pons?
is a relay center for cranial nerves to areas in head
assists medulla in respiratory control
What is the Pontine respiratory center?
regulates skeletal muscles (breathing)
What is the Medulla Oblongata (Medulla)?
most caudal portion of brain stem
What is the function of the Medulla?
involves all communication between brain and spinal cord
Most axons of the medulla cross to the opposite side of the brain at the ____
decussation of the pyramids
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei of ____
cranial nerves
Medulla Oblongata contains several autonomic nuclei 1. 2. 3.
cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center
What is the Cardiac center?
regulates heart rate and its strength of contraction
What is the Vasomotor center?
controls blood pressure by regulating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of arterories
What is the Medullary respiratory center?
regulates the respiratory rate
What is the Cerebellum?
divided into cerebellar hemispheres (left and right)
contains folia
What is Folia?
folds in cerebellar cortex
What are the regions of the cerebellum?
superficial region, internal region
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