Psychology- Development

Zygote

Zygote

0-3 weeks

Embryo

4-8 weeks

Fetus

9-birth

Teratogens

anything that a pregnant woman should avoid because it can pass over the placenta and get into the babies bloodstream

Fetal alcohol sydrome

when pregnant a woman that drinks can have this baby

facial mutations: small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, more toes

Rooting reflex

when you rub babies cheek they turn to find food

Babinski reflex

if we rub bottom of foot to top toes will spread out really wide and come back in

sucking reflex

dont need to teach baby to suck

Moro reflex

hold a babies hands up and then dpwn they will reach out their hands gives falling sensation

Habituation

the decreasing response to repeated stimuli

used to see if they can see diff in voices and color or if they discriminate stimuli

Maturation of motor skills

process of baby going from sitting to running

can happen at different speeds for all ages but follow same order

x chromosomes

female chomosomes

y chromosomes

male chromosomes

primary sex characteristics

anything needed for reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

what we see that makes us male or female

testosterone

male hormone

estrogen

female hormone

Pruning

the cutting off of branchs or nurons in our brain to make quicker connections (happens when we don’t practice certain connections when we are younger)

fluid intellegence

your ability to quickly learn new systems or technology decreases when older

crystallized intelligence

world knowledge or wisdom increases when older

cross sectional study

looks at individuals at infancy, teenage, adulthood

longitudinal study

looks at one individual throughout lifespan

Morpheme

smallest pieces of language that hold meaning (prefix root suffix or a word)

phoneme

smallest parts of language ( B A T) (CH A T)

semantics

what part of the word gives it meaning (Rained, raining ) past present

syntax

what order we put words or structure

A cake Jane ate

babbling stage

(3-4 months)

One word stage

(1-2 years)

Two word stage

(2 years)

Telegraphic speech

short speech

Overgeneralization/overregulization

use rules of symatics (Buddy hitted me) is wrong

Skinner/Watson theory of language

language is a direct reinforcement you are able to speak because people around you do (nurture)

Chompsky theory of language

we are born with the ability to speak we have the neurons but we have to be exposed to language in order to make the neural connections

nature sets us up but we still have to be exposed to it

Critical period hypothesis

If a child is not exposed to language by a certain time they will never be able to learn language

-Symatics/synax

Jean Piaget

stages of development. how does thinking and reasoning change during our lifespan (Shemas, senorimotor, operational, etc.)

Schemas

A frame work of thinking it is like a file we organize information and categorize it

Assimilate

when we get new info and put it into the existing shema due to similar characteristics

Accomadate

When we are told what some new info is so we create a new shema for it.

Sensory motor stage

infants birth-2 explore world through their senses.

They develop object permanence-. (8-10 months is when they get it)

Object permanence

out of sight doesn’t mean it disapeared

preoperational stage

2-6 years old vocab is exploding and they say funny things

animism and no conservation and egocentric and no theory of mind

animism

everything has life

egocentric

difficut seeing other perspectives or points of view

theory of mind

can predict others false thinking (child gets it around 3.5 to 4.5 years old)

autism spectrum disorder

have a hard time with theory of mind

conservation

when things change shape it doesn’t mean it changes size

concrete operational stage

(6/7-11) become logical thinkers

basic math, understand conservation, theory of mind, not egocentric

formal operational stage

complex thoughts, hypothetical thinking, higher math, doesn’t account for changes into adulthood of thinking

Kohlberg

moral thinking three levels of dilemmas (age doesn’t matter)

preconventional morality

think all about yourself and how something will effect you punishment or reward

conventional morality

what are other people gonna think of me or against laws, rules, norms

post conventional morality

how it will effect a community or the world

ripple effect or universal whole

Harlow

monkey study and attachment contact comfort

attachment/contact comfort

the less of this you have the less likely a infant is to survive

touch connection warmth impacts a childs development mentally, phsically, socially,

critical period

period of time in which a child needs to be exposed to something or they will lack it later on (____ is to humans as imprinting is to animals)

Diane Bamruid

studied how is the way we rasie our childern impact their social development or personallity

Neglectful parenting

low warmth and low expectations ( child doesn’t know how to act can be agressive)

Passive parenting

high warmth and low expectations (causes child to be crazy and disobedient)

Authoritative

high warmth and high expectations ( causes child to be confident and know rules)

authoritarian

low warmth and high expectaions( cause child to be shy and less confident and outgoing)

Stage 1 Trust vs mistrust

when you give a infant what it needs at a reasonable time it trust its environment but also not too fast or it will not be good

Stage 3 Initiative vs guilt

takes initiative and puts on play or is creative parent response determines if it is good. If they cheer it on but also stop it if it is out of hand that is good later on child will take initiative

Stage 5 identity vs role confusion

high/middle schoolers experience this trying to find where they belong and who they are

switch who they are a lot but should find it soon and not keep doing that

Stage 7 Generativity vs stagnation

give to the next generation pass on legacy

people who didn’t do anything there whole life could face mid life crisis stagnation where they think no one will remember them

Stage 2 Autonomy vs shame and doubt

(2 years old) want to do everything themselves, independence, you should let him have their independence but also set expectations and tell them when to not do something but don’t shame them all the time

Stage 4 competence vs inferiority

when you are able to find what you are good at but also know you have some weaknesses too so they dont grow up feeling insecure but also not too arrogant

stage 6 Intimacy vs isolation

once you have a soild identity you can enter a relationship and have a spouse

you are able to recieve a lot of love but also give it too

don’t rely on one person but also don’t isolate yourself

Stage 8 Ego integrity vs despair

when you are content with you life and ready to die no resentment (Integrity) pr you are bitter and have a lot of regrets(despair)

Infant brain development

they perfer human voices, born nearsighted, prefer smell of mother, look longer at face images or familiarity

executive functioning

our ability to control impulses right from wrong in frontal lobe

fully develops at age 20