lipid metabolism conceptual

anabolism

constructive metabolism

catabolism

metabolic breakdown

triacyglycerols

90% of lipids in our diet; made up of one clygerol esterified by 3 fatty acids

fatty acid

lipid for energy

triacylglycerol

lipid for storage

steroid

lipid for membranes, hormones, bile acids

phosphoglycerides

lipid for bilayers

sphingolipids

lipid for bilayer in the cns

fatty acids, glycerol

to be absorbed in the GIT, TAGs need to be hydrolyzed to...

duodenum

lipid digestion starts in the...

lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

bile

the liver produces \________________ to emulsify dietary lipids and speed up the lipase reaction

liver, gallbladder

bile is made in the \_________ and stored in the \_______________

water/oil interface

lipase acts at the \______________

chylomicrons

the class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body

lymph

glycerol + fatty acid --\> intestinal cells --\> chylomicrons --\> \___________________ --\> blood vessels

lipoprotein lipase

causes chylomicrons to release fatty acids and glycerol into circulation as they travel

albumin

fatty acids in circulation bind to the plasma protein\__________, which transports them to body tissues

liver cells

\_____________ absorbs chylomicron remnants by receptor-mediated endocytosis

intestines

produces chylomicrons

liver

produces vldl

capillaries

produces idl

idl

produces ldl

muscles, adipose

produce hdl

liver

produces bile acids

atherosclerosis

high ldl levels can cause precipitation of cholesterol on blood vessel walls, aka \________________

acetyl coa

starts and maintains the citric acid cycle; produced by fatty acid oxidation and pyruvate dehydrogenation

acyl coa synthetase

activation of fatty acid is done by covalently linking coa to fatty acids via the enzyme \_______________________

fatty acyl carnitine

form of fatty acid in which it is able to enter mitochondria

dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, thiolysis

steps of fatty acid oxidation

polyunsaturated

different enzymes are required in the oxidation of \______________________ FAs

ketogenesis

creation of ketone bodies from fatty acids when glucose levels drop in the brain

brain

ketone bodies are made so the \_________ can convert them to acetyl coa

diabetic ketoacidosis

acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy

malonyl coa

inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation

2

how many Cs are added per cycle of fatty acid elongation

vitamin b5

acetyl coa and acp require \___________________ to function

plenty

TAGs are biosynthesized when nutrients are plenty

attaching coa

activation of FAs is done by...

phosphorylation

activation of glycerol is done by ...

ceramide

sphingosine + fatty acid

sphingomyelin

ceramide + phosphocholine

ganglioside

ceramide + oligosaccharide

sphingolipid

ceramides are the precursor to all types of \_________________

palmitic acid, serine

what two molecules are used in the synthesis of ceramides?

bile salts

cholesterol is made into \____________________ by the liver

steroids

cholesterol is made into \____________________ by the endocrine glands

inhibits

cholesterol \_________________ hmg coa reductase

eicosanoid

biologically active FAs made from arachidonic acids that are responsible for inflammatory responses

prostaglandin

hormone in all tissues that cause swelling, pain, and fever

thromboxane

hormone in blood platelets that cause platelet aggregation and blood clotting

leukotriene

hormone in lungs/bronchi that cause asthma

arachidonic acid

precursor to eicosanoids

vitamin a

vitamin made from beta carotene from diet; required for growth/reproduction

vitamin d

vitamin produced in humans that is required for biosynthesis of proteins, absorption of calcium

vitamin e

vitamin that is an antioxidant and reduces the risk of cv disease

vitamin k

vitamin from green leafy vegetables; required for blood clotting