Perception
experience of the world with interpretation and processing
combining sensation and expectations of how the world works
successful perception involves educated, unconscious guesses about the world
Sensation
See world as it really is free of bias
true experience (light, sound, touch)
not interpreting
Never really experience it because we are always perceiving (see faces of your family and they are your family in your head)
Behaviourist views on perception/ attention/ memory/ sensation
think they are made-up constructs
but, by agreeing these exist, then behaviouralism is refuted
Dualist views on perception/ attention/ memory/ sensation
turned mental life into physical process, so dualism is refuted
also, shows that there is a physical world out there (“I think therefore I am”)
ie light reflects off retinas, neurons fire, brain processes info = not consistent with dualism
Piaget claims babies dont perceive. Is this true or false?
False. babies perceive because otherwise would be blur of colours. they see objects as objects
Naive realism
our senses capture the world as it really is
not exactly true because we can be wrong (ie illusions)
Psychophysics
science of how sensations relate to the stimuli that produce them
Weber’s Law
humans think/distinguish sensations in proportions, not absolute
ie if buying a house for $1mil then check later to see its $1mil and $100, doesnt matter much, BUT if buy coffee usually for $5, then they change price to $105, it is ridiculous
Sensation puzzle
get different sensations from seeing a rainbow or hearing a baby giggle
Occipital lobe takes the input and turns into colour & light
parietal lobe takes input and turns into taste and smell
but what if reversed?
taste a rainbow?
= synesthesia
Sensation is (easy/hard) to access.
Hard
ie dont really know what languages you know sound like (to others who dont speak it)
Wrong view of perception
looking at the world through camera in eyes
this doesnt solve the problem, just pushes it back
Right way to view perception
have the eye and out from it comes neural firings
from the pattern of neural firings = recognize the world
eye gives number outputs, but brain has to recognize objects & people
Why perception is hard
Need to infer a 3D world from 2D (eye) inputs
if lighting is right, cant tell the difference
How do we solve the problem of perception?
unconscious assumptions about how the world works
educated guesses
this is how optical illusions arise
MIT robot story
wanted machine to interface with/perceive the world
computer looks through camera so it could describe what it saw
Demonstrates how simple the problem of perception seems and how hard it actually is
Instinct blindness (Tooby, Cosmides)
processes that give rise to perception are automatic and effortless, so cant appreciate their complexity
how eyes work
light hits off eyes, light passes through corneas, goes through lenses (which use muscles to see far and close), hits off back of eyes, which are filled with photoreceptors (120 mil rods (highly sensitive, good for low light), 6 mil cones (mostly in center & do colour vision)
from rods & cones, get neural firing that goes to back of head
infers 3D from 2D
successful percetion involves coordination of 2 types of info
input to the visual system: neuronal firing from light hitting retina (bottom-up info)
assumption about the world: some might be wired in, part of visual system itself, from memories, etc. (top-down info)
ex. you are in a dark room and a circle of white light is expanding, see it as approaching, unless we are walking towards it, then it is seen as stable
3 case studies of perception
Colour
Objects
Depth
Colour: how to get a spectrum of it
neurons fire more when brighter
neurons fire less when darker
But, this system is confounded by objects around it (snowball in darkness may be same colour as something else), SO
simple assumption: shadows make surfaces darker (the object doesnt change colour, the shadows made it)
Objects: getting 3D from 2D
We have to interpret 2D info into objects (know that the podium is separate from the professor)
Simplifying principles:
Proximity: closer together = likely to be same thing
Similarity: separate patterns usually = separate things
Closure: square is a closed shape so infer it is on top of circle (picture)
Good continuation: follow routes that cross (assume simplicity)
Common movement: move together = likely same object
Good form: natural forms (+ vs 2 rectangles at 90* angles)
binocular disparity
use differences between close-up and far-away perception to calculate a rough sense of how distant objects are in space
Depth: object differentiation
know if objects are in front or behind others
characteristics of the stimulus influence our perception
its more reasonable that a person who seems tiny is just far away
but, can be confounded (mueller-lyer line illusions)
3 general assumption of depth
typical size: if a woman approaches you and looks bigger than a house, then likely she is just close (based on typical sizes of women and houses)
interposition: if outline of the woman is complete and blocks the house, then likely she is in front
motion parallax: objects farther away seem like moving slower then objects closer (use this to infer distance)
Phonemic restoration effect
mental filling in of gaps
if hear a sentence (“it was found that the wheel was on the axle”) and replace a phoneme with a cough and hear it as “it was found that the [cough]eel was on the axle”. Your brain fills in the missing info with what is most plausible
this is why proofreading is difficult
efficiency gains outweigh cost of occasionally getting it wrong
Attention
world input that gets focused on
spotlight
moves info from sensory memory to working memory
Sensory memory
unattended information that is quickly lost
Working memory
aka short-term memory
unrehearsed information is quickly lost
Flow of memory
world/sensory input -<del>attention</del>>working memory -<del>encode it</del>> long-term memory
(called retrieval if moving from LTM to STM/working memory)
Limitations of attention (3)
Stroop effect: hard to read colours of letters of words if the words are different colours
attention is limited (flip back and forth between images)
Change blindness: don’t attend to most of the world (basketball with gorilla)
Autobiographical memory
memory of personal experiences
Procedural memory
how to do things (read a book, etc.)
5 memory distinctions
Sensory vs short-term/working vs long-term memory
Implicit vs explicit
Semantic vs episodic
Encoding vs storage vs retrieval
Recall vs recognition
Sensory vs ST/WM vs LTM
Sensory memory: resides in senses for fraction of a moment (like writing with the sparklers)
ST/WM: conscious memory
LTM: library, every word, whatever you remember
Implicit vs explicit
Implicit: dont know you know (distinguish faces, riding a bike, etc.)
Explicit: know you have it
Semantic vs episodic
Semantic: library (facts)
Episodic: episodes, memories (ie first kiss)
Encoding vs storage vs retrieval
Encoding: getting information
storage: keeping
retrieval: getting it out
Recall vs recognition
Recall: ask you a question (short answer)
recognition: is it x or y or z (multiple choice, fill in blank)
Storage difference (LTM and STM)
LTM: virtually unlimited, in theory might fill up, just havent
STM: smaller storage, Miller estimates 5-9 chunks
Maintenance rehearsal
repeating something over and over in head to try to remember
Primacy/recency effect
Primacy: remember better stuff at beginning (ie list, movie, etc)
Recency: remember better stuff at end/most recent
Expertise effects
remember more about what you know more about
How to get STM to LTM (5 ways)
rehearsall is not enough
depth-of-processing: more you think about it, more likely to remember (think of meaning = remember more)
mnemonics (foer): memory tricks
understanding: knowing and understanding things
make it interesting/vivid
consolidation: sleep helps to keep memory into the brain
How to get info out of LTM (3)
Retrieval cues (ie need to go to dentist and remember when you brush your teeth)
Compatibility principle: Relationship between encoding and retrieval: tend to remember stuff better if you are tested (retrieval) in the place you learned (encoded) [ie scuba experiment]
Searching strategies: in head but cant get it out (yearbook: go through brain, searching for stuff)
Failure of memory/normal forgetting (3 reasons)
Decay: atrophy bc fleshy meat
Interference: forget stream of numbers quicker if given another stream of numbers
Change of retrieval cues: learning things in this context, the feeling in your seat makes it easier, but taking an exam in another hall = harder to remember
Puzzling case of childhood amnesia (Freud)
forget first few years of life, not decay bc phenomenon happens with 10yr olds
could be bc the brain rewires
Memory is sensitive to plausibility. T or F?
True.
able to create false memories.
ex. given a string of words that are sleep-related, most people will say they remember ‘sleep’ even though it was never said
Failure of memory/ amnesia
retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for some period period
anterograde amnesia: (korsokoff’s syndrome) lose ability to form new memories, perpetual present
new explicit cant be formed, but implicit can be
ie tracing shapes, get better and better although forgets
Clive Wearing (implicit damage)
lost temporal lobes and hippocampus
perception of condition is like waking up for the first time
habituated to condition, writes down everything
Failure of memory/ false memories
Sam Stone: came in, said hi and left
asked same questions over and over
implanted memories in kids: not only did they change answer to please experimenter, but believed changed memory
_________________ questions are more likely to form false memories.
Leading
ex. “did you see the yield sign?” instead of “did you see a yield sign?”
Wrong way to think of memory
memory is recorded like a phone, get at it through hypnosis or ask the right questions
Right way to think of memory
a lot gets lost from the world, retrieval is not the problem, but reconstruction
Why cant trust memory
filling in the blanks: sometimes fill in missing information with plausible info
witness testimony: if asked specific question (did you see the school bus? vs a school bus?)
Implant memories into kids
Hypnosis: just makes super cooperative (if you know it, youll say it, but might not know)
Repressed memories: traumatic memory is purposefully forgotten and can be retrieved
TedX
train self to remember
mental castles
more bizarre = more likely to remember
Baker/baker paradox (elaborative encoding)
when told to remember a guy who is a baker and a guy who’s name is Baker. More likely to remember job bc its more relatable/emotional hooks/relations.