Lecture Review on Chemical Bonds and Molecules

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on chemical bonds, reactions, energy, and organic molecules.

Ionic Bond

A type of bond where electrons are lost or gained between atoms.

Cation

A positively charged ion that has lost one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons.

Electrolytes

Ions that are present in solution; they conduct electricity.

Covalent Bond

A type of bond where electrons are shared between atoms.

Nonpolar molecules

Molecules that have equal sharing of electrons.

Polar molecules

Molecules with unequal sharing of electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond that occurs between polar molecules.

Synthesis Reaction

A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Potential Energy

Stored energy that can be converted to kinetic energy.

Kinetic Energy

Working energy.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds.

Anabolism

Metabolic processes that synthesize compounds, involving the build-up of molecules.

Catabolism

Metabolic processes that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Inorganic Molecules

Molecules that do not primarily contain carbon; exception CO2.

Buffers

Substances that help maintain pH stability by resisting changes in acidity or alkalinity.

Lipids functions

Functions include Vitamin storage, insulation, protection, energy storage, regulation, and structure.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules; examples include glucose and fructose.

Disaccharide

Double sugars formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides; examples include starch and glycogen.

Triglycerides

Fats made from glycerol and three fatty acids.

Proteins

Large biomolecules made up of amino acids, essential for various functions in the body.

Proteins Functions

Functions include contraction, regulation, energy, protection, transport, and structure.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA

A molecule that carries hereditary information; structured as a double helix.

RNA

A molecule involved in protein synthesis; structured as a single strand.

What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?

The energy currency of cells, used to store and transfer