PE - Sport psychology

Drive theory

As arousal level increases, performance increases in a linear relationship —> Professional basketball player performs better in a large crowd, however beginner may make more mistakes

Inverted U theory

Performance increases with arousal until optimum point but declines if arousal becomes too high —> A gymnast needs moderate arousal for focus, too relaxed or too anxious can affect performance

Catastrophe theory

Arousal and performance are related with cognitive anxiety, doesn’t slowly drop but suddenly collapses —> A goalkeeper may play well with moderate arousal but if they become to anxious it may lead to panic and error

Zone of optimal functioning

Each athele has there own ideal level of arousal and axiety at which they perform best —> Gymnast may need low arousal to stay calm, rugby player may need high arousal

Interactionist theory

Combination of both traits determine behaviour but can be modified by situation

SLT theory

By watching others, acting in a similar way can change in differnt situations and enviroments

Trait theory

Born with it, pre - destined

Hollanders structure of personality and diagram

Psychological core - Represents a persons true self, values and beliefs, consistent

Typical response - Reflect how indiviual usually responds to different situations, may vary depending on context

Role related behaviour - Influenced by social enviroment, indiviual adapts behaviour to meet demands

—> Footballer believes strongly in fair play, may usually respond to aggressive tackels by staying calm, when becoming captain may become more vocal

Martens structure of personality

Very similar but does not include enviroment

Psychological core - Represents a persons true self, values and beliefs, consistent

Typical response - Reflect how indiviual usually responds to different situations, may vary depending on context

Role related behaviour - Influenced by social enviroment, indiviual adapts behaviour to meet demands

—>athlete with high trait anxiety is more likely to experience high state anxiety in competitive situations, which can negatively affect performance, such as missing a crucial free throwm

What is Command style most suitable for? +cons

• Cognitive stage

• Large numbers

• Lack of fitness

• Risks

• Lack of motivation

• Little equipment

• Low experience

• Bad behaviour

Cons —> Lacks creativity for elite performers, and may be boring ofr experienced performers

What is reciprocal most suitable for? +cons

• Peer coaching

• Pairs/groups

• Feedback

• cognitive approach

• Performer and observer

Cons —> Beginners may not know what there doing, Make sure infomation is accurate from peers

What is Discovery most suitable for? +cons

• Problem set

• Learner find solutions

• Creative routines

• Teacher asks questions

• Deep understanding

Cons —> If something goes wrong it may decrease motivation, and technique may be wrong

What is problem solving most suitable for? +cons

• Individual

• Finds own solutions

• More suitable for pros

Cons —> Bad option for beginners and not suited for younger years, TIme consuming, when theres not a right or wrong answer it is not suitable

Dissection of a skill

Layer 1 : Preperation —> Foot movement, weight transfer, body alignment, head positioning

Layer 2 : Swing —> Action, head postion to maintain balance , weight transfer

Layer 3 : Follow through/ Recovery—> Readjust and regain balance

6 Different continums

High - Low organisation

Open - closed

Complex - simple

Internally paced - Exernally paced

Discrete - Serial - Continous

Gross - fine

Define classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, producing a learned (conditioned) response.

Define Oprah conditioning

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Define Social learning theory

Social learning theory proposes that learning occurs through observing, imitating, and modelling the behaviour of others, particularly role models, and is influenced by vicarious reinforcement

S-R bond

Stimulus - Response bond

Thorndickes law

Law of exercise —> Repetition and practice

Law of effect —> Reinforcement

Law of readiness —> Mature and ready physically and mentally

Three stages of learning

Cognitive —> Beginner

Intermediate —> Associative

Advanced —> Autonomus

What are the 4 practice structures

Massed, Distributed, Fixed and variable

Massed practice structure

Continous over a long period of time, no rest breaks, strengthens S-R bond

Distributed practice structures

Sessions that have rest periods, allowing for feedback to take place, and rest and recover to reduce fatigue

Fixed practice structures

Practicing closed practice, reducing stimuli

Variable practice structure

Skills in an open environment, player in different environments and scenarios, competitive situations

What are the 4 practice methods

Whole, part practice, progressive part, whole part whole

Whole practice

Practice the whole skill as one, low complexity

Part practice method

Break skill down, high complexity, long and slow skill or dangerous

Progressive part method

Practice skills separately and then put them into phases, high complexity, only done in phases

Whole part whole

Whole skill then practice in phases and do the whole skill again