Joints & Movement

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Description and Tags

43 Terms

1

Joints

Functional junctions between bones that are formed wherever two or more bones meet

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2

Synarthrotic

Immovable

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3

Amphiarthrotic

Slightly movable

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4

Diarthrotic

Freely movable

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5

Fibrous Joints

  • Dense connective tissue connect bones

  • Between bones in close contact

  • Not much movement

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6

Kinds of Fibrous Joints

Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis

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7

Syndesmosis

  • Joint bound by ligaments

  • Permits a slight movement

  • Amphiarthrotic joint

  • ex. Distal end of tibia and fibula

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8

Sutures

  • Between flat bones of skull

    • ex. squamous, coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal.

  • As adult, sutures close and interlock

  • synarthrotic joint (immovable)

  • Fontanels - membranous areas in baby skull - allows skull to change shape during childbirth.

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Gomphosis

  • Cone shaped bone in a bony socket

  • ex. root of tooth in jawbone

  • Ligament wraps around root to hold it in

  • synarthrotic joint (immovable)

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10

Kinds of Cartilaginous Joints

  • Synchondrosis - usually disappears

  • Symphysis - holds two bones together with cartilage

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Synchondrosis

  • Bands of hyaline cartilage unit bonds

  • Disappear as we grow

  • ex. epiphyseal disk

  • synarthrotic joint (immovable)

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Symphysis

  • Bones covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage in between

  • ex. symphysis pubis and intervertebral discs

  • amphiarthrotic joints (semi-movable)

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13

Synovial Joints

  • Most joints are of this type

  • Freely movable joints

  • Have articular cartilage, joint capsule, and synovial membrane

  • diarthrotic (movable)

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14

Ball and Socket

Movement in all planes

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15

Condyloid

Ellipsoidal

No rotational movement

Metacarpals and phalanges

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Gliding

Flat or slightly curved

Sliding motion

Between carpal and tarsal bones

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Hinge

Concave surface fits into a convex surface

One plane movement

Knee, elbow, and phalanges

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Pivot

One bone rotates around another

Rotational movement

Proximal end of radius and ulna, atlas and dens

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Saddle

Have convex and concave surfaces

Variety of movements

Between carpal and metacarpal

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20

Articular Cartilage

  • Covers ends of bones

  • Made up of hyaline cartilage

  • Reduces friction and resists wear

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Joint Capsule

Outer layer - fibrous connective tissue

Inner layer - synovial membrane

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Outer Layer - Fibrous connective tissue

Connects to periosteum

Totally encloses the joint

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Inner Layer - Synovial membrane

Shiny, vascular tissue

Secretes synovial tissue - lubricates joint and cuts down on friction

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Menisci

  • 1/2 moon shaped fibrocartilage

  • found in some joints

  • cushions the joint

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25

Bursae

  • fluid-filled sacs in joint

  • found in some joints

  • contain synovial fluid

  • cushion and helps the movement of tendons

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26

Flexion

  • Decreasing an angle between two bones.

    1. Bending the arm at the elbow toward the shoulder.

    2. Bending your finger.

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Extension

  • Increasing the angle between two bones.

    1. Straightening a bone.

    2. Ex. Straightening the arm or leg.

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Hyperextension

  • Extension of a bone beyond normal anatomical position.

    1. Bending the head backwards as if looking up to the sky.

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Dorsiflexion

  • Flexing the foot at the ankle.

    1. Bending the toes up to the shin.

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Plantar Flexion

  • Extending the foot at the ankle.

    1. Pointing the toes.

    2. This is actually a type of extension not flexion.

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31

Abduction

  • Moving a part away from the midline of the body.

    1. Lifting leg out to side.

    2. Ex. Lifting arms lateral to shoulder.

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Adduction

  • Moving a part toward the midline of the body.

    1. Bringing arm back down to side.

    2. Bringing leg back down to standing.

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Rotation

  • Moving a part around an axis.

    1. Turning the head from side to side.

    2. Turning the palm of hand up and down.

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Circumduction

    1. Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path.

    2. Ex. Moving finger in a circle without moving the hand.

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Supination

  • Turning the palm of the hand upward.

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Pronation

  • Turning the palm of the hand downward.

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Eversion

  • Turning the sole of the foot outward or laterally.

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38

Inversion

  • Turning the sole of the foot inward.

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39

Protraction

  • Moving a part forward.

    1. Jutting the jaw forward.

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40

Retraction

  • Moving a part backward.

    1. Pulling the jaw back in.

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41

Elevation

  • Raising a part.

    1. Shrugging of the shoulders.

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Depression

  • Lowering a part.

    1. Drooping the shoulders.

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43

Opposition

  • Movement of the thumb to the finger for the purposes of grasping.

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