Joints
Functional junctions between bones that are formed wherever two or more bones meet
Synarthrotic
Immovable
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly movable
Diarthrotic
Freely movable
Fibrous Joints
Dense connective tissue connect bones
Between bones in close contact
Not much movement
Kinds of Fibrous Joints
Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Joint bound by ligaments
Permits a slight movement
Amphiarthrotic joint
ex. Distal end of tibia and fibula
Sutures
Between flat bones of skull
ex. squamous, coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal.
As adult, sutures close and interlock
synarthrotic joint (immovable)
Fontanels - membranous areas in baby skull - allows skull to change shape during childbirth.
Gomphosis
Cone shaped bone in a bony socket
ex. root of tooth in jawbone
Ligament wraps around root to hold it in
synarthrotic joint (immovable)
Kinds of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis - usually disappears
Symphysis - holds two bones together with cartilage
Synchondrosis
Bands of hyaline cartilage unit bonds
Disappear as we grow
ex. epiphyseal disk
synarthrotic joint (immovable)
Symphysis
Bones covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage in between
ex. symphysis pubis and intervertebral discs
amphiarthrotic joints (semi-movable)
Synovial Joints
Most joints are of this type
Freely movable joints
Have articular cartilage, joint capsule, and synovial membrane
diarthrotic (movable)
Ball and Socket
Movement in all planes
Condyloid
Ellipsoidal
No rotational movement
Metacarpals and phalanges
Gliding
Flat or slightly curved
Sliding motion
Between carpal and tarsal bones
Hinge
Concave surface fits into a convex surface
One plane movement
Knee, elbow, and phalanges
Pivot
One bone rotates around another
Rotational movement
Proximal end of radius and ulna, atlas and dens
Saddle
Have convex and concave surfaces
Variety of movements
Between carpal and metacarpal
Articular Cartilage
Covers ends of bones
Made up of hyaline cartilage
Reduces friction and resists wear
Joint Capsule
Outer layer - fibrous connective tissue
Inner layer - synovial membrane
Outer Layer - Fibrous connective tissue
Connects to periosteum
Totally encloses the joint
Inner Layer - Synovial membrane
Shiny, vascular tissue
Secretes synovial tissue - lubricates joint and cuts down on friction
Menisci
1/2 moon shaped fibrocartilage
found in some joints
cushions the joint
Bursae
fluid-filled sacs in joint
found in some joints
contain synovial fluid
cushion and helps the movement of tendons
Flexion
Decreasing an angle between two bones.
Bending the arm at the elbow toward the shoulder.
Bending your finger.
Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones.
Straightening a bone.
Ex. Straightening the arm or leg.
Hyperextension
Extension of a bone beyond normal anatomical position.
Bending the head backwards as if looking up to the sky.
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the foot at the ankle.
Bending the toes up to the shin.
Plantar Flexion
Extending the foot at the ankle.
Pointing the toes.
This is actually a type of extension not flexion.
Abduction
Moving a part away from the midline of the body.
Lifting leg out to side.
Ex. Lifting arms lateral to shoulder.
Adduction
Moving a part toward the midline of the body.
Bringing arm back down to side.
Bringing leg back down to standing.
Rotation
Moving a part around an axis.
Turning the head from side to side.
Turning the palm of hand up and down.
Circumduction
Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path.
Ex. Moving finger in a circle without moving the hand.
Supination
Turning the palm of the hand upward.
Pronation
Turning the palm of the hand downward.
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward or laterally.
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
Protraction
Moving a part forward.
Jutting the jaw forward.
Retraction
Moving a part backward.
Pulling the jaw back in.
Elevation
Raising a part.
Shrugging of the shoulders.
Depression
Lowering a part.
Drooping the shoulders.
Opposition
Movement of the thumb to the finger for the purposes of grasping.