Memory and Encoding Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing memory and encoding concepts.

Memory

Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Encoding

The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored.

Storage

The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved.

Retrieval

Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded.

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory feeds our active working memory, recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds.

Iconic Memory

Picture-image memory of visual stimuli lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Echoic Memory

Sound memory of auditory stimuli; can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

George Miller

Proposed that we can hold 7 +/-2 information bits.

Explicit/Declarative Memory

Facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall.

Implicit Memory

Memories that are formed without awareness and don't require rehearsal.

Effortful Processing

Encoding information into Explicit memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve.

Chunking

Organizing data into manageable units.

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Hierarchies

Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

Spacing Effect

Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time.

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one’s current mood.

Anterograde Amnesia

An inability to form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Source Amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Déjà vu

That eerie sense that 'I’ve experienced this before.'