PMLS - History of Med Tech

Long Quiz

Anna Fagelson 1961

the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease an the maintenance of health.

RUTH HEINEMANN (1963)

“the application of the principles of the natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.”

WALTERS (1966)

“as the health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.”

RA 5527 (“THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969)

Defined Medical Technology as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated which will aid in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.

Ebers Papyrus

- Intestinal parasitic infection caused by intestinal parasites

Vivian Herrick

Mentioned that Medical Technology can be traced back in 1550 B.C.

Taenia sp. and Ascaris lumbricoides

Example of parasites that causes infections in intestine

Anna Fagelson

Prefers to date Medical Technology from the 14th century when a prominent Italian physician at the University of Bologna employed one Alessandra Giliani to perform certain tasks which would now be considered those of the medical technologist.

Galen

Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood.

The four humors

Urine

One of the body fluids that underwent examination

Rufus Ephesus

made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in the urine

Water casting/ uroscopy

during medieval period this method was widely practiced

Isaac Judaeus

described the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases

Kitab al Baul/ Book of Urine

this book was made by Isaac Judaeus that described the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

“Father of Microbiology”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

⚬ New, improved compound microscope

⚬ Bacteria (classified according to shape), blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, protozoa

Marcello Malphigi

• Served as a physician to Pope Innocent XII

  • “Father of Modern Anatomic Pathology”

    ⚬ Embryology of the chick

    ⚬ Histology and physiology of the glands and viscera

Rudolf Virchow

• “Father of Microscopic Pathology”

• First scientist/physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of dieases and infections

18th Century

Mechanical techniques, along with cadaver dissection, were utilized to achieve a more objective and precise diagnosis.

19th Century

Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics

University of Michigan Hospital

First clinical laboratory setup

Dr. William Welch

• The first physician recruited to be a professor at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore (1886)

• Opened a teaching laboratory in America at Bellevue Medical College (New York University Medical School)

• Appointed as the head of the Department of Pathology

  • Became the first dean of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine

Dr. William Osler

• 1880: Introduced and used the microscope and a blood counting machine in the hospital based laboratory

• 1898: established ward laboratories at the John Hopkins Hospital

James Campbell Todd

1908: Wrote a book entitled “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods”

John Bernard Henry

Edited the book, “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods” and was then named “Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods”

John Kolmer

• 1918: Published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians”

⚬ Description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology

1915

The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician

1920

Administrative units of clinical laboratories in hospitals were directed by a chief physician ⚬ 4-5 divisions: Clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology

American Society for Clinical Pathology

• 1922: Founded with the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists

• Established the code of ethics for technicians and technologists

University of Minnesota

1923: First to offer a degree program on Medical Technology

American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (formerly the American Society for Medical Technologists)

• Originally formed as a subgroup of ASCP

• Helped in the recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals

1950

Medical technologists in the US sought professional recognition from the government through licensure exams

HOSPITAL REAL

1565: Moved from Cebu to Manila • Cater to military patients

San Lazaro Hospital

1578: Built by the Franciscans for the poor and lepers

San Juan de Dios Hospital

• 1596: Founded for the poor Spaniards

Hospital de San Jose

1641: Founded in Cavite

University of Santo Tomas

• Founded in 1611

• 1871: Established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine

1806

Production and distribution of vaccine lymph

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

• 1887: Established to perform laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples

General Antonio Luna

was employed as a chemical expert and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies

Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott

• Chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps

  • 1898: Converted the Spanish Military Hospital into the First Reserve Hospital

Richard P. Strong

• Successor to the First Reserve Hospital

  • Utilized to perform autopsies, examination of blood, feces, and urine, and other laboratory services

Bureau of Government Laboratories

• 1901: Established by the US Government through the Philippine Commission (Philippine Commission Act No. 156)

⚬ Science library, chemical section, serum laboratory

• 1905: Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research

⚬ The Bureau worked with the Army Board --> Study of the Tropical Diseases

⚬ Together with PGH and UP >> active center for scientific research and instruction in the country

BUREAU OF HEALTH

• From the civilian Board of Health established by the Americans

• 1915: Reorganized into the Philippine Health Service

• 1933: Reverted into the Bureau of Health

UP College of Public Health

Aims to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Services Medical Officers

December 8, 1941

Japan attacked the whole of Manila

Manila Public Health Laboratory

• First clinical laboratory in the Philippines

• Established during WWII by the 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila

  • June 1945: Endorsed to the National Department of Health (nonoperational until reopened in October 1945 by Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano)

Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers

Dr. Sta. Ana

tasked to prepare a 6- month formal syllabus with certificate upon completion

Dr. Jesse Umali

the first graduate of the Medical Technology Program // later graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at FEU and a successful OB-gynecologist in the US

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH)

opened the first School of Medical Technology in the Philippines

University of Sto. Tomas

offered the Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students (1957)

1961

Medical Technology was recognized as an official program

Edward Jenner

discovered vaccination to small pox: immunology

Agostino Bassi

Produced diseases in worms by injection of organic material the beginning of bacteriology

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

The father of microbiology; known for his work on the improvement of the microscope

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

Identified organs by their types of tissues: histology

Gregor Mendel

enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants

Robert Koch

presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later tubercle bacilli

Erns Von Bergmann

introduced steam sterilization in surgery

August Von Wassermann

developed immunologic tests for syphillis

Hans Fischer

Worked out the structure of hemoglobin

James Westgard

Introduced the westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory

Joseph Lister

demonstrated that surgical infections are cause by airborne organisms

Elle Metchnikoff

described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection

Karl Landsteiner

distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system

Howard Ricketts

discovered microorganism whose range lied between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

Jonas Salk

developed pollomyelitis vaccine

Kary Mullis

developed the polymerase chain reaction

James Thomson

derived the first human stem cell line

Branch Samuel Blumberg

Introduced the hepatitis B vaccine

Andre Van Steirteghem

introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection