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Columbian exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
1st Great Awakening
(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.
Old lights vs. new lights (directly followed enlightenment)
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Navigation Act
Law passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the act led to growing resentment by colonists.
Enlightenment
a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly (Caused the first great awakening)
Jamestown labor systems
No one in Jamestown wanted to work, so indentured servants were brought to harvest and tend to tobacco to create economic system; were supposed to get land, clothes, tools, etc in return for 5-7 years of work, but usually got nothing and had to move in Indian land to survive (Bacon's rebellion)
Bacons Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land
King Phillips War
The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. The Indians were led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief whom English setters called "King Philip."
Early native conflict at Jamestown
Conflict between servants stealing native land, and natives stealing or maiming colonists
Compare/Contrast New England and Chesapeake
New England (MA, MS, CT, RI)
- family centered
- Puritans
- religious-- church and state are same
- economics based off of fishing, ships, trade
vs Chesapeake (VA, MD, NC, SC)
- young, unskilled workers
- crop farming of tobacco
- Anglican church (not super religious tho)
- shorter lifespan
= both still English, have problems with natives, and steal native land
Decline of native population
Main cause of native decline was new diseases brought by white people (smallpox, malaria); killed off millions of Indians; harsh treatment and slave labor also contributed
Explain the increase in the use of slave labor
Invention and wide spread use of the cotton gin led to the revival of slave labor; more slaves needed to work machines and pick cotton as it became number one export
Loyalists v Patriots
Loyalists were loyal to England and the throne. After the war, some still lived in America, but others were driven out. Patriots were those who were for the United States. They were the ones who fought for freedom and were patriotic for America.
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
Federalist vs Anti Federalist
Federalists: those who favored the Constitution (strong national government) vs. Antifederalists: those who opposed the Constitution (threat to individual rights)
Constitution
A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers
3/5th compromise
slaves count three fifths of a person for population representation and taxation
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Federalists vs Democratic Republicans
Dem-Rep. led by Jefferson and Madison, desire loose gov. political organization, aka Republicans. Feds led by Hamilton and Fenno, desire strong central gov. political organization. Feds
Common Sense
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
Declaration of Independence
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. (Henry Clay was part of it)
Era of Good Feelings
Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.
2nd Wave of Immigration
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia
2nd Great Awakening
a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements.
Nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
Manifest Destiny
1800s belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the continent.
Mid-19th century Defense of slavery
George Fitzugh: slavery is better than African Americans working in Northern factories (easier for slaves to do southern work than factory work)
the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy.
George Fitzhugh
American social theorist who justified slavery by saying that black people were just children and needed to be in slavery
Hinton Helper
a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.
Andrew Jackson- King or hero of the common man
seeking to act as the direct representative of the common man. More nearly than any of his predecessors, Andrew Jackson was elected by popular vote
Tariff of abominations/Nullification
The Tariff of Abominations was passed in 1828 and taxed imported goods, forcing Southerners to buy materials from the North at a higher expense. The act enraged the Southerners, especially South Carolina, who made the Ordinance of Nullification in opposition to it in 1832. This argued the state's rights theory. However, no other Southern states supported South Carolina in its opposition, and the nullification vote failed in the legislature.
Indian Removal
(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.
Jackson's reasons for "killing" the bank
Jackson thought the Bank put too much power in the hands of too few wealthy American private citizens
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Whig Party
Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson
Mexican American War effects
Led to increasing tensions over slavery
US territory was enlarged by 1/3
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the United States Mexican territory and recognized Texas in exchange for 15 million dollars
The Gadsden Purchase later gave the United States current-day New Mexico and Arizona through the payment of 10 million dollars
Causes of the Mexican American War
-desire to expand the U.S. (manifest destiny)
-border dispute concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico)
Gettysburg Address
(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights
Lincolns official statement that showed he was against slavery
13, 14, 15 amendments
13- officially abolished slavery, prohibits invol. servitude
14- ensure rights of free slaves, granted citizenship to freedmen, due process of law and right to vote
15 - voting rights to all citizens except women
Sharecropping
system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
Creates a never ending generational cycle.
Carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction
Plessy v Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Jim Crow segregation
Segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s, named for a minstrel show character portrayed satirically by white actors in blackface
Reasons for the Compromise of 1877-why did reconstruction fail?
The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes' victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating
Democratic control over the region.
People forgot about it and the dems regained control of the south
Big Business influence on politics
Boss Tweed- money led to control over political ballots, government involvement in RR led to corruption and scandal, monopolies and big factory owners controlled Senate and could twist bills in their favor (Sherman anti trust law); government sided with big business instead of working class to keep economics in check; government went against the poor and labor unions
Boss Tweed
A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Homestead Act
1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years
African American Migration
migration of African americans during the 20th century from the rural south to the industrialized north.(after slavery was abolished)
Know nothings
the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
3rd Wave of immigration
Immigration laws enacted in 1965.
Prior to this immigration was based on a quota system and was largely meant to keep non-white people from coming to the U.S.
After the 1965 immigration bill used a preference system that was based on occupational characteristics.
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Dawes Act
1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners
Reservation system
The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.
Helen Hunt Jackson
A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Gospel of Wealth
called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Conspicuous consumption
Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
Gold Rush
a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.
Soddies
a house built of strips of sod, laid like brickwork, and used esp. by settlers on the Great Plains, when timber was scarce.
Relationship between farmers and railroads in the late 19th century
Steel rails linked the farms and the mills. The railroads provided the efficient, relatively cheap transportation that made both farming and milling profitable.
Bartolome de las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
Juan Sepulveda
Believed natives were savages; thought Spanish were in the right giving natives civilization
Encomienda system
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
Market Revolution
economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves
N.E. colonies
New England was a poor area for large farming operations. However, many colonists known as "yeoman farmers" had small family-owned farms that grew a variety of crops.
Many other colonists relied on fishing and whaling off the New England coast.
Middle colonies
Over time, cities grew and urban merchants sold and traded goods with people throughout the other colonies. Compared to other regions, the people of the middle colonies supported religious freedom and tolerance and had a diverse population with settlers arriving from many areas in Europe.
Southern colonies
The geography included rich, fertile soil with broad coastal plains that made it possible for large plantations to grow tobacco, rice, and indigo.
The majority of these plantations featured a labor force of enslaved Black people. These enslaved men, women, and children had few, if any, rights and often saw their families torn apart at the whim of the plantation owner.
Haymarket Riot
100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.
Lowell Girls
young women who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution
Transportation Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
Homestead Strike
Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Justification for slavery
Biblical passages, Greeks/Roman examples, Blacks were naturally inferior
